Power matters in closing the phenotyping gap

Much of our understanding of physiology and metabolism is derived from investigating mouse mutants and transgenic mice, and open-access platforms for standardized mouse phenotyping such as the German Mouse Clinic (GMC) are currently viewed as one powerful tool for identifying novel gene-function relationships. Phenotyping or phenotypic screening involves the comparison of wild-type control mice with their mutant or transgenic littermates. In our study, we explored the extent to which standardized phenotyping will succeed in detecting biologically relevant phenotypic differences in mice generated and provided by different collaborators. We analyzed quantitative metabolic data (body mass, energy intake, and energy metabolized) collected at the GMC under the current workflow, and used them for statistical power considerations. Our results demonstrate that there is substantial variability in these parameters among lines of wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) mice from different sources. Given this variable background noise in mice that serve as controls, subtle phenotypes in mutant or transgenic littermates may be overlooked. Furthermore, a phenotype observed in one cohort of a mutant line may not be reproducible (to the same extent) in mice coming from a different environment or supplier. In the light of these constraints, we encourage researchers to incorporate information on intrastrain variability into future study planning, or to perform advanced hierarchical analyses. Both will ultimately improve the detectability of novel phenotypes by phenotypic screening. Carola W. Meyer and Ralf Elvert contributed equally to this work.     

鼓风机叶轮快速断裂的检测及失效分析

针对焦化厂鼓风机叶轮运行近15 d后产生穿透性裂纹、并延伸至叶轮半径2/3处的严重断裂事故,采用具有早期缺陷诊断功能的金属磁记忆新技术及其他多种手段,从宏观力学及微观机理角度对其进行综合性能评定及失效分析.研究结果表明,叶轮材料强度、韧性均过低,且韧性指标分散性大、同类型试样的韧性指标最大值与最小值之间相差3倍多;金相组织晶粒粗大,断口表现为脆性开裂.沿叶轮的断裂与非断裂面分别进行磁记忆扫描,磁场强度分析表明,断裂面内存在两处具有明显应力集中的危险源.分析表明,锻造及锻后热处理不良造成了快速疲劳断裂.最后,结合5年中3次叶轮断裂事故,对失效原因进行了相关性分析.     

燃煤电厂烟气氮氧化物排放控制技术发展现状

在广泛查阅文献的基础上,对近年来国内外已成功应用和正在研究开发的一些主要的燃煤烟气氮氧化物控制技术进行了介绍。结合我国目前脱硝行业整体水平和国家环保政策要求,对我国脱硝行业技术研发方向提出了建议。     

Efectiveness of national air pollution control policies on the air quality in metropolitan areas of China

Understanding the efectiveness of national air pollution controls is important for control policy design to improve the future air quality in China. This study evaluated the efectiveness of major national control policies implemented recently in China through a modeling analysis. The sulfur dioxide(SO2) control policy during the 11th Five Year Plan period(2006–2010) had succeeded in reducing the national SO2emission in 2010 by 14% from its 2005 level, which correspondingly reduced ambient SO2and sulfate(SO4 2) concentrations by 13%–15% and 8%–10% respectively over east China. The nitrogen oxides(NOx) control policy during the 12th Five Year Plan period(2011–2015) targets the reduction of the national NOx emission in 2015 by 10% on the basis of 2010. The simulation results suggest that such a reduction in NOx emission will reduce the ambient nitrogen dioxide(NO2), nitrate(NO3), 1-hr maxima ozone(O3) concentrations and total nitrogen deposition by 8%, 3%–14%, 2% and 2%–4%, respectively over east China. The application of new emission standards for power plants will further reduce the NO2, NO3, 1-hr maxima O3concentrations and total nitrogen deposition by 2%–4%, 1%–6%, 0–2% and 1%–2%, respectively. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the inter-provincial impacts of emission reduction in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the Yangtze River Delta, which indicated the need to implement joint regional air pollution control.     

江苏省300MW以上燃煤电厂汞排放现状分析

基于2012年江苏省10家典型燃煤电厂相关数据,分析了影响烟气中汞(Hg)排放浓度的因素。其中电厂负荷、烟气净化设施、燃烧炉类型等会直接影响烟气中Hg的排放浓度,而原煤中Hg的含量与烟气中Hg的浓度没有直接的关系。通过模型对江苏省现有300 MW以上燃煤电厂Hg排放量进行了估算,2012年Hg排放总量约为7.307 t。通过反距权重插值进行分析,发现在区域分布上江苏省整体呈现出南部高于北部的趋势。     

抽水蓄能电站工程建设中生态环境监理工作实践探讨

水利水电工程建设是促进国家经济发展的重要建设项目之一,抽水蓄能电站工程建设的重要性正在不断凸显。抽水蓄能电站工程的建设与生态环境有着密切的关系,由于抽水蓄能电站工程长期大规模的开发利用破坏了周边生态环境的稳定,加强工程建设中的环境监理工作是将生态破坏程度降到最低的必然要求。以抽水蓄能电站为实例,通过制定科学合理的环境监理方案,将生态环境监理要点落实到施工建设当中,以期最大限度地减少对生态环境的破坏。     

风力发电场施工期环境监理工作内容——以内蒙古阿拉善盟阿右旗风电场为例

本文以阿右旗风电场为例,综述了对风力发电场施工期的环境监理内容,旨在为以后的风力发电场施工期环境监理提供参考。     

以预处理剩余污泥为燃料MFC产电性能及不连续供电的可行性

为探讨微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)处理经预处理后剩余污泥的可行性以及不连续供电能力,采用双室MFC,以剩余污泥热处理上清液为基质进行启动和运行,通过改变电池阴极电子受体而导致电势差变化来监测其产电的运行稳定性.结果表明,反应器以氧气作为阴极电子受体148 h后启动成功,最大输出电压0.24 V,将阴极电子受体换为铁氰化钾时,能获得0.66 V的最大输出电压和4.21 W·m~(-3)的最大功率密度.当将阴极电子受体分别替换为氧气或者开路,又转换为铁氰化钾后,电池输出功率恢复迅速,电池对有机物去除效率基本不受影响,对化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮去除效率分别达70%和80%.本研究表明,利用预处理剩余污泥进行MFC处理和产电是可行的,可获得较高的功率密度,同时MFC可以实现不连续供电.     

不同瓦斯压力下煤体力学特性试验研究

为研究瓦斯对煤体力学特性的影响,设计不同瓦斯压力条件下煤体单轴压缩试验,研究煤样力学参数及变形特征随瓦斯压力的变化趋势,探讨瓦斯对煤体力学性质的影响机制,得出单轴压缩下煤样力学参数,并记录煤样的破坏形态.研究结果表明:随瓦斯压力增大,应力-应变曲线压实阶段增大,弹性阶段缩小,失稳破坏后曲线缓慢下降,抗压强度和弹性模量单...     

火电厂烟气排放对广州大气环境的影响

广州市是酸雨、可吸入颗粒物污染严重的地区之一,这与其能源结构以煤为主有关.广州发电厂以燃煤为主,其周围大气采样数据分析显示燃煤电厂可对周围大气环境造成较大影响,是酸雨前体物、可吸入颗粒物的主要排放源.酸雨破坏了生态环境,也阻碍了经济的发展;燃煤排放的烟尘细颗粒物属于可吸入颗粒物,其上附着的As、Cr等微量元素多为致癌物质和致基因毒性诱变物质,对周围居民的健康危害极大.最后, 对当前的环境保护工作及存在的问题进行了阐述.