污水灌溉对我国农业生态系统的影响及其对策

本文运用生态学原理,分析了污灌区农业生态系统的特点,指出了污灌在农业生态系统中既起着水源和肥源,又起着污染源的三重作用。同时,从正反两方面阐述了污灌对我国农业生态系统的影响,提出了污灌条件下建立农业生态系统良性循环的途径,即(1)尽量控制污水中的污染物质进入农业生态系统;(2)减少污染物质在农田生态系统的累积;(3)改变污染物在农业生态系统中的迁移途径。     

Model Computations on Sequestration of Carbon in Managed Forests and Wood Products under Changing Climatic Conditions in Finland

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of forest management on carbon sequestration in forests and wood products by using a gap-type forest model interfaced with a wood product model. The assessment is based on total carbon sequestration, i.e. the amount of carbon left in vegetation, litter, soil organic matter and products when the flows of carbon back to the atmosphere have been subtracted. Thirty mixed-species stands, representing medium fertility sites in southern Finland, were included in each simulation for 300 years under current climatic conditions and predicted conditions of changing climate. The average total balance for the first 100 years was higher in the unmanaged system than in the managed system, but for the second and third 100-year periods the results were clearly opposite. Differences in the total balance between the treatments were larger during the first 100 years than over the whole 300-year period. Under conditions of changing climate, differences in carbon sequestration between management options were more pronounced than under current climatic conditions. Under current climatic conditions with the 100-year time frame, the ratio between the total annual balance and annual gross production was 0·208–0·289. Over the whole 300 years, however, efficiency was much lower, 0·088–0·121. Under changing climatic conditions, efficiency was also lower, 0·182–0·252 and 0·081–0·096, respectively. Different management alternatives clearly produced different amounts of timber for the production process; under conditions of changing climate, timber production was substantially enhanced. However, total carbon storages at the end of the simulation varied less than timber production. In the managed system, the flow back into the atmosphere was largest from litter, 41–51% of the total outflow, the flow from vegetation was 23–28%, from soil organic matter 22–25%, emissions from products 1–7%, and emissions from landfills 0–3%. If emissions due to the use of machinery in timber harvesting and transportation were included, they made up only 0·03–0·33% of the total outflow.     

Sustainable development and environmental protection

The focus of this paper is on protecting the environment in resource development and not on economic issues even though many obstacles to sustainability include social, political and economic factors. Many stark examples of past failures in resource development serve as grim reminders for future planning. Most of the options will require an evaluation as to their appropriateness as well as to the economic capability and commitment of developing countries and international development institutions to incorporate them into programs.     

黑龙江省土壤保护重要性评价

根据黑龙江省土壤保持现状和国家规定的评价方法与指标,对黑龙江省土壤保护重要性进行评价,将黑龙江省土壤保护敏感地区分为3级,即轻度敏感、中度敏感、重度敏感,并确定了它们的分布区域.这一成果为黑龙江省生态功能区划奠定了基础,提供了科学依据.     

城市生态学评价——方法和实例研究

通过对城市生态系统的分析,提出了城市生态学评价的内容、目标和程序。以新建城市博达为例,具体说明了该评价程序的使用方法。     

基塘系统可持续发展现状、问题及对策研究

珠江三角洲基塘生态系统是一种独特的人工生态系统，也是可持续农业的一种类型。本文分析了在经济高速发展的条件下，基塘生态系统的特点、现状及可持续发展中存在的问题，并针对性地提出对策和建议。     

浅论农村生态环境的主要问题及其保护对策

农村环境质量不能得到改善，全国环境质量 难以改善。但长期来由于经济发展的压力和各咎人为破坏，工农业污染和自然损毁退化等，使农村生态环境问题十分突出，已成为区域可持续发展的严重制约因素，。许多贫困地区难以走上小康之路，生态环境经是重要原因之一。该文在概述了我国农村生态环境主要问题的基础上，着重报导致其恶化的主观原因，并提出了一些具体的对策措施。     

Eco-industrial park initiatives in the USA and the Netherlands: first lessons

Since the introduction of the industrial ecology concept by Frosch and Gallopoulos in 1989, and the apparent success of the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis project, attention to planned eco-industrial park (EIP) development projects has grown all over the world. This article includes data from six of these EIP development projects. Three of the projects discussed are located in the Netherlands and three in the US. This article compares the differences in project approach and results on a national level. The approach suggested is derived from the available EIP development literature.Initial research indicates that the Dutch EIP projects are more successful than their US counterparts. This difference in success can be, mostly, attributed to the fact that the US projects are initiated by local and regional governments that see the project as a way to improve the local/regional economy with access to substantial government funds. Because of this heavy government involvement, US companies are, in general, not interested in the project. The more successful Dutch projects, on the other hand, are mostly initiated by the companies themselves with financial and advisory support from the local and regional government.     

东昌湖生态系统服务功能及其影响因子分析

湖泊生态系统的服务功能划分为供给功能、支撑功能、调节功能和美学功能,各项功能的发挥程度与水文特征、水质状况、生物多样性、空间物理结构和湖滨景观五个影响因子有关.通过对东昌湖历史变迁的分析,总结得出各因子对东昌湖生态系统服务功能演变的影响及各功能的变化趋势(供给功能和支撑功能呈现先增强后削弱的变化,而调节功能和美学功能总体上呈增强趋势).最后,为使东昌湖生态系统良性循环提出建议:科学调引谭庄水库补水水源,综合考虑生态效益和经济效益,促进东昌湖的综合开发和可持续利用.     

分散剂及其与胜利原油的混合物对海洋围隔生态系内浮游动、植物的影响

分散剂对某些海洋生物的抑制以及促进初级生产力的现象已为一些研究所证实,而分散剂与原油的混合对生物的影响,由于其污染的增效作用更引起了人们的注意,但上述的研究多见于温带和寒带海域,对于热带、亚热带海域研究尚少。因而,了解污染物对亚热带海域生物区系的影响及地理位置的不同所引起的污染物效应的差别是本研究的中心问题。