水生植物对淡水生态系统温室气体排放的影响研究进展

淡水生态系统温室气体(CO_2、CH_4、N_2O)排放是全球气候变化背景下的研究热点。水生植物作为淡水生态系统重要的组成部分,对水体生源要素的生物地球化学循环过程具有重要影响,进而影响水体温室气体产生与排放。本研究基于目前水生植物与水体温室气体排放关系的研究,探讨了水生植物对淡水生态系统温室气体排放动力学过程的影响,提出水生植物分布区可能是温室气体排放热点;水生植物种类、生活型的多样性增加了水体温室气体排放的变异性和不确定性,对监测和估算方法的准确性产生一定影响;进一步总结了水生植物对淡水生态系统温室气体排放的影响机制:1)机械作用,包括气体传输通道作用和浮叶植物的滞留作用; 2)水生植物光合/呼吸作用参与水体碳循环,同时水生植物凋落物分解为水体代谢提供新鲜碳、氮源,提高温室气体产生速率; 3)改变根际厌氧环境,影响根际CH_4和N_2O产生与排放; 4)水生植物群落改变水体生态因子分配格局,影响水体异养代谢等。基于当前研究现状,本文提出要进一步开展不同尺度或不同生境条件下水生植物种类、生活型和生长代谢等对水体温室气体排放动力学的影响研究,并从水生植物群落尺度构建温室气体排放动力学模型,优化监测方法与估算模型,为推进我国淡水生态系统温室气体排放研究提供理论基础。     

基于能值分析的西安市三个发展核心区可持续性研究

本文基于能值分析和城市复合生态系统的理论与方法,从生态环境系统及社会经济系统两方面,对西安市灞桥区、雁塔区和未央区2014年的基础数据进行计算整理,通过分析三个发展核心区的能值利用效率,排除废物流能值对系统的消极影响,构建基于能值利用效率(EUE)的系统可持续发展程度指标(EUSDI),确切评估三个区城市复合生态系统的可持续发展能力。结果表明:灞桥区可持续发展指数为0.1545,雁塔区为0.0906,未央区为0.0579。灞桥区能值利用效率为较高的94.81%,可更新资源较为丰富,但较为依赖不可更新资源与外部输入产品;雁塔区能值利用效率为较低的86.57%,社会经济发展程度较高,但可更新资源较贫乏,人口过于集中对环境造成很大压力;未央区能值利用率为较低的84.93%,该区可更新资源较少,工业生产消耗大量不可更新资源,"三废"的排放也严重影响了该区的生态环境。     

短期放牧对半干旱草地生态系统CO2和N2O排放的影响

通过在北方农牧带半干旱草地生态系统(山西右玉)设置不放牧、轻度放牧、中度放牧和重度放牧4个不同强度的放牧实验,运用静态-暗箱法测定放牧第一年生长季的温室气体通量,研究不同放牧强度对该地区温室气体通量的影响.结果表明:(1) CO_2和N_2O在生长季表现出随着温度和水分变化的明显季节动态变化,但是与不放牧相比,第一年不同放牧强度对CO_2和N_2O排放速率没有显著影响;(2)放牧显著降低了土壤含水量(P 0. 05),中度放牧降低了土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC,P 0. 05),中度和重度放牧降低了土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN,P 0. 05);(3) CO_2排放速率和土壤温度、土壤水分之间呈显著正相关关系,土壤温度、可溶性氮、微生物生物量氮以及CO_2排放速率之间呈显著正相关关系.放牧增加了温度与CO_2排放的相关性,但对N_2O排放相反.(4)虽然放牧降低了土壤含水量,但是没有发现不同放牧强度间CO_2和N_2O排放的差异,说明短期内不同的放牧强度尚未对土壤微生物结构与功能造成显著影响,需要继续进行长期深入地研究,揭示放牧强度对温室气体通量的影响机制.     

生态系统服务价值与人类活动的时空关联分析——以长江中游华阳河湖群地区为例

以1990、2002和2010年华阳河湖群地区LandSat TM影像为数据源,构建生态系统服务价值评估模型、生态系统服务价值流向损益模型和人类活动强度评估模型,应用双变量空间自相关分析生态系统服务价值和人类活动强度的时空关联特征.结果表明：1990~2010年生态系统服务价值持续减少,水域、湿地转为耕地和建设用地是价值损失的主要原因.生态系统服务价值高值区在中部和东北部水域,湖滨价值量减少最严重,北部地区价值量增加,南部减少.人类活动强度低影响区位于水域,中高影响区和中影响区交错分布于北部地区,高影响区集中在南部和西南部地区.3个时期生态系统服务价值和人类活动强度均呈空间负相关,高-低聚集分布于南部和西南部,低-高聚集主要分布于水域.     

澧水流域生态系统服务价值与生态补偿策略

为了协调区域经济发展与生态保护的关系,以澧水流域为研究对象,采用修正的生态系统服务价值系数分析了2001—2013年该区域生态系统服务价值(ESV)的变化情况,并构建灰色模型对2016—2025年生态系统服务价值进行预测,同时综合考虑研究区域经济发展水平,引入生态补偿优先级(ECPS)对不同区域生态补偿的迫切程度进行了量化. 结果表明:①2001—2013年,澧水流域生态系统服务价值从2001年的313.70×108元降至2013年的313.32×108元;GM(1,1)模型预测结果显示,2025年澧水流域生态系统服务价值将降至311.22×108元. ②澧水流域8个县(市/区)的生态系统服务价值和生态补偿优先级存在较大差异,澧水上游(桑植县)和中游(永定区、武陵源区、慈利县、石门县)为整个澧水流域提供了良好的生态服务,属于“生态输出”地区,应该优先得到生态补偿;而下游(澧县、临澧县、津市市)的生态优先级较小,属于“生态消费”地区,应当率先进行生态支付. 研究结果有利于制订合理的生态补偿价格,调节生态保护利益相关者之间的利益关系,有助于当地政府研究制订比较完整的生态补偿政策决策.      

我国典型陆地生态系统固碳重要区范围界定

全球变暖已成为当今最主要的全球性环境问题之一,建立固碳重要区也是应对全球气候变化的重要途径之一.根据我国陆地生态系统现状以及固碳相关的最新研究结果和政府文件,以森林、草地生态系统为主要研究对象,采用GIS空间叠置分析方法,界定我国典型陆地生态系统固碳重要区(注:涉及“全国”的各要素范围均未包含港澳台地区)的空间范围.研究结果:固碳重要区评价指标体系包括生态系统碳储量、碳汇和固碳潜力3个核心因子,界定过程包括界定范围选择、固碳高值区识别、固碳重要区范围确定和分区命名等步骤.在全国尺度界定了森林、草地两大类共计20个固碳重要区,总面积285.6×104 km2.其中,森林生态系统固碳重要区主要分布在我国东北部、西南部的深山区和东南部的山地丘陵,草地生态系统固碳重要区主要分布在内蒙古高原中东部、新疆西北部山地和青藏高原东南部.固碳重要区面积占全国国土总面积的29.8%,所提供的NPP(净初级生产力)量占全国NPP总量的40.7%,固碳能力是全国平均水平的1.37倍.固碳重要区范围界定结果符合“以较小面积获取较大服务”原则,适于作为我国实现碳减排目标的优先保护区域.      

Role of Crab Herbivory in Die-Off of New England Salt Marshes

Abstract:  Die-offs of cordgrass are pervasive throughout western Atlantic salt marshes, yet understanding of the mechanisms precipitating these events is limited. We tested whether herbivory by the native crab , Sesarma reticulatum , is generating die-offs of cordgrass that are currently occurring on Cape Cod, Massachusetts (U.S.A.), by manipulating crab access to cordgrass transplanted into die-off areas and healthy vegetation. We surveyed 12 Cape Cod marshes to investigate whether the extent of cordgrass die-off on creek banks, where die-offs are concentrated, was related to local Sesarma grazing intensity and crab density. We then used archived aerial images to examine whether creek bank die-off areas have expanded over the past 2 decades and tested the hypothesis that release from predation, leading to elevated Sesarma densities, is triggering cordgrass die-offs by tethering crabs where die-offs are pervasive and where die-offs have not yet been reported. Intensity of crab grazing on transplanted cordgrass was an order of magnitude higher in die-off areas than in adjacent vegetation. Surveys revealed that Sesarma herbivory has denuded nearly half the creek banks in Cape Cod marshes, and differences in crab-grazing intensity among marshes explained >80% of variation in the extent of the die-offs. Moreover, the rate of die-off expansion and area of marsh affected have more than doubled since 2000. Crab-tethering experiments suggest that release from predation has triggered elevated crab densities that are driving these die-offs, indicating that disruption of predator–prey interactions may be generating the collapse of marsh ecosystems previously thought to be exclusively under bottom-up control .     

Land Development in and around Protected Areas at the Wilderness Frontier

Protected areas’ chief conservation objectives are to include species within their boundaries and protect them from negative external pressures. Many protected areas are not achieving these goals, perhaps in part due to land development inside and outside protected areas. We conducted spatial analyses to evaluate the ability of Canadian protected areas to mitigate the effects of nearby land development. We investigated correlations of national patterns of land development in and around protected areas and then examined national patterns of roads, urban area, and croplands in protected areas. We calculated the amount of developed land in protected areas and within 25–100 km of protected‐area borders, the density of roads, and extent of urban and cropland area in protected areas. We constructed logistic‐regression models to test whether development in a protected area was associated with landscape and protected‐area characteristics. Land development was far less extensive inside than outside protected areas. However, several protected areas, particularly small southern areas near small urban centers had substantial development inside their boundaries, and nearly half of protected areas had roads. The cumulative extent of development within 50 km of protected areas was the best predictor of the probability of land development in protected areas. Canadian First Nations, industries, government, and nongovernmental organizations are currently planning an unprecedented number of new protected areas. Careful management of areas beyond protected‐area boundaries may prove critical to meeting their long‐term conservation objectives. Desarrollo de Tierras Dentro y Alrededor de Áreas Protegidas en la Frontera Silvestre     

The Impending Peak and Decline of Petroleum Production: an Underestimated Challenge for Conservation of Ecological Integrity

Abstract: In the last few decades petroleum has been consumed at a much faster pace than new reserves have been discovered. The point at which global oil extraction will attain a peak (“peak oil”) and begin a period of unavoidable decline is approaching. This eventuality will drive fundamental changes in the quantity and nature of energy flows through the human economic system, which probably will be accompanied by economic turmoil, political conflicts, and a high level of social tension. Besides being a geological and economic issue, peak oil is also a fundamental concern as it pertains to ecological systems and conservation because economics is a subsystem of the global ecosystem and changes in human energy‐related behaviors can lead to a broad range of effects on natural ecosystems, ranging from overuse to abandonment. As it becomes more difficult to meet energy demands, environmental considerations may be easily superseded. Given the vital importance of ecosystems and ecosystem services in a postpetroleum era, it is crucially important to wisely manage our ecosystems during the transition period to an economy based on little or no use of fossil fuels. Good policies can be formulated through awareness and understanding gained from scenario‐based assessments. Presently, most widely used global scenarios of environmental change do not incorporate resource limitation, including those of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Considering the potential magnitude of the effects of peak oil on society and nature, the development of resource‐constrained scenarios should be addressed immediately. Ecologists and conservation biologists are in an important position to analyze the situation and provide guidance, yet the topic is noticeably absent from ecological discussions. We urge politicians, corporate chief executives, thought leaders, and citizens to consider this problem seriously because it is likely to develop into one of the key environmental issues of the 21st century.     

Ecological and economic impacts of green roofs and permeable pavements at the city level: the case of Corvallis,Oregon

A city's spatial footprint is covered by extensive impervious building roofs and paved surfaces, which contribute to greater storm-water runoff, more surface pollutants, and less carbon sequestration, hence, worse ecosystem services. This research conducts an empirical study on the ecological and economic impacts of a citywide adoption of green roofs and permeable pavements in Corvallis, OR. The effects on ecosystem services of using green roofs and pervious pavements for a low impact development are modelled using Integrated Value of Ecosystem Services Trade-offs and compared to those from the City's current conventional development without green roofs and pervious pavements. The differences are analysed for ecological impact by storm-water yield, storm-water purification, and carbon sequestration and economic impact by a cost-benefit comparison. The results indicate that low impact development, especially intensive green roofs on commercial/industrial buildings and permeable pavements for parking lots, plays a significant role, even with a higher initial implementation cost, for long-term urban sustainability.