基于生态系统服务价值的土地利用结构优化——以重庆万州为例

基于中国陆地生态系统服务功能价值研究成果,以及重庆市万州区生态环境建设与经济社会发展水平,对不同土地利用类型单位面积生态服务价值进行修正,形成万州区土地利用结构优化灰色线性规划模型中决策变量的生态经济参数。计算结果表明：（1）规划期内万州区耕地面积略有减少,建设用地面积有所增加,林地面积有较大幅度增加,大规模增加湿地面积提高土地生态功能价值则难以实现;（2）地质灾害与水土流失综合治理、草地生态系统修复以及适当增加园地面积,能够提高万州区土地生态功能价值;（3）万州区土地生态经济理论价值为11888亿元/a,修正价值为10644亿元/a,均高于现状值9653亿元/a,土地生态修复与建设的生态经济效益可观;（4）基于生态系统服务价值的土地利用结构优化,能够满足社会经济发展对土地的需求并同步实现生态经济效益的最优,为解决土地利用规划中的关键技术问题提供新的方法。     

Quantitative Evaluation on Urban Ecosystem Carrying Capacity in Tianjin Binhai New Area

Based on the concept of ecosystem carrying capacity, the indicator system of quantitative assessment was set up, which consisted of support indicator system and pressure indicator system. And the factor analysis method was used to screen the indicator system. Different from the traditional indicator weight determination based on the absolute values of the coefficients of regression equation, the squares of factor loadings in the rotated component matrix were attempted to determine the weights of 40 assessment indicators. The result shows that ecological support system and pressure system in Binhai New Area are relatively balanced among six years, and the developing level of urban ecosystem is basically healthy on the whole. However, due to continuously increasing pressure of the resources consumption caused by the rapid growth of the second industry, which is the Leading Industry of Binhai New Area, the ecosystem carrying capacity reached the minimum in 2005.     

Conceptualizing Discourses on Ecological City and Its Planning

Ecological city （eco-city） and its planning approach are emerging concepts in urban study, urban planning, ecological economics, environmental policy and corporate environmental management. However, opinions remain divided over the connotation and denotation of the term ＂ecological city＂, what key issues eco-city planning can solve, and its specific contents. In this study, we present 10 basic propositions that define the eco-city and clarify its key parameters, thereby providing the basis for discussing the assumptions and principles underlying different approaches to sus- tainable urban development. We then summarize the concept and principles of an eco-city, and define the main requirements for eco- city planning. We conclude that an eco-city is a city in which the urban population, scale of land use and intensity of human activities are limited to the regional resource and environmental carrying capacity, which does not cause increasing or irreversible damage to the regional ecosystem＇s structure, functions and processes.     

稻鱼共生系统生态服务功能价值比较——以浙江省青田县和贵州省从江县为例

石油农业导致生态系统退化与环境受损.人们在寻找新的农业途径时,将目光转向传统农业,开始对传统农耕模式的价值进行挖掘.稻鱼共生是最为典型的中国传统生态农业模式之一,因其历史悠久、景观独特和效益显著而被联合国粮农组织列为首批全球重要农业文化遗产保护试点之一.在数千年的农耕文化演变过程中,同宗的青田县和从江县的传统农业系统,由于受到不同的自然、经济和文化的影响,分别形成了以养鱼为主和以种稻为主的稻鱼共生系统.本文采用市场价值法、造林成本法、替代价格法、大气污染治理成本法和水库工程费用法等,分别对青田县和从江县传统农业区生态系统服务功能的经济进行评估.结果表明,以养鱼为主的青田县直接经济价值比以种稻为主的从江县平均每公顷高近1.70万元,但其闻接价值却比后者低,从江县稻鱼共生系统的气体调节和养分保持价值分别是青田县的1.35和1.59倍.最后,本文提出了提高农民收入的途径,以更好地保护这一具有全球重要意义的农业文化遗产.     

Application of Ecological Classification and Predictive Vegetation Modeling to Broad-Level Assessments of Ecosystem Health

The Little Missouri National Grasslands (LMNG) of western North Dakota support the largest permitted cattle grazing use within all lands administered by the USDA, Forest Service, as well as critical habitat for many wildlife species. This fact, coupled with the need to revise current planning direction for range allotments of the LMNG, necessitated that a broad-level characterization of ecosystem integrity and resource conditions be conducted across all lands within the study area (approximately 800,000 hectares) in a rapid and cost-effective manner. The approach taken in this study was based on ecological classifications, which effectively utilized existing field plot data collected for a variety of previous inventory objectives, and their continuous spatial projection across the LMNG by maps of both existing and potential vegetation. These two map themes represent current and reference conditions (existing vs. potential vegetation); their intersection allowed us to assign various ecological status ratings (i.e., ecosystem integrity and resource condition) based on the degree of departure between current and reference conditions. In this paper, we present a brief review of methodologies used in the development of ecological classifications, and also illustrate their application to assessments of rangeland health through selected maps of ecological status ratings for the LMNG.     

太湖生态修复治理工程

太湖是我国第三大淡水湖泊 ,也是流域的重要水体。近年来 ,随着人口的增长 ,经济高速发展 ,人为社会经济活动影响 ,水资源系统受到很大冲击 ,水质变劣 ,湖体营养过程加剧 ,生态环境受到明显损害 ,制约了流域社会经济的可持续发展。要实现流域水资源的可持续利用 ,必须加快水污染综合治理。除陆域实施严格的达标治理、河网水质调控 ,农业面源及生活污水治理外 ,太湖湖体生态修复和富营养化治理已为当务之急。目前应尽早实施 :①太湖重污染区底泥的生态疏浚 ,减少底泥释放二次污染。②利用浮床陆生植物治理太湖典型富营养化水域 ,利用生物吸收、降解 ,继而富集营养盐 ,净化水质。③建立环湖湿地保护带。④恢复和重建湖滨带水生植被 ,实现长效生态管理和调控。⑤生态渔业工程 ,有效控制过度养殖 ,恢复湖泊生态良性循环。⑥藻类采集和资源化再利用。⑦强化流域     

全新型生态工业园区的工业共生链网结构研究--新疆石河子国家生态工业(造纸)园区的设计分析

本文以新疆石河子国家生态工业(造纸)园区的设计为例．运用产业生态学理论，深入系统地分析了生态工业园区的系统构成、工业共生关系以及生态工业链网结构．为全新型生态工业园区的设计及其运行提出了切实可行的建议。     

长江源区生态功能区划与生态系统管理

生态功能区划是近年来我国着力建设的一个新的关于资源与环境管理的框架。首先简要讨论了生态功能区划的性质,指出生态功能区划是基于生态系统的地理框架。与生态区比较,生态功能区强调人文活动对生态系统提供产品和服务能力的影响,并反映人类的价值判断。生态功能区划的最终目的是以生态系统的等级结构和尺度原则为基础,在不同尺度水平上实施“基于生态系统的管理”。以长江源区为例,进行了生态功能区划的实证分析。其基本认识是,按照生态系统的自然边界划分生态系统单元;进行生态系统描述和评价;在确定主导生态功能的基础上划分不同的生态功能区。最后讨论了按照生态系统原理对长江源生态功能分区进行管理和建设。     

长江口湿地生态系统服务功能价值的评估

长江口湿地是我国重要的滨海湿地，具有多种生态服务功能。参考Costanza等提出的17项生态系统服务功能，利用市场价值法、造林成本法、影子工程法、费用替代法以及专家评估法等方法．对长江口湿地生态价值进行了评估。结果表明，长江口湿地生态系统的生态服务价值为40．00亿元/a。其中，成陆造地价值为9．0亿元/a，物质生产价值8．86亿元/a，大气组分调节价值为1．15亿元/a，水分调节价值为1．54亿元/a，净化水体价值为3．4l亿元/a，提供栖息地价值为2．86亿元/a，文化科研价值为8．38亿元/a，美学价值为4．81亿元/a。并提出对生态系统服务价值的利用应本着可持续发展的原则。     

珠江三角洲城市生态系统适宜度评价研究

生态系统适宜度评价思想自提出以来,已得到了世界各国的基本认同.本研究主要从城市入手来分析和评估珠江三角洲城市生态系统适宜度的发展状况,采用社会统计学的方法,构建了体现城市结构、城市功能和城市协调度的垂直式和反映经济、社会、人口、资源、环境状况的水平式两者相结合的指标体系,选取1995-2004年10个年份的数据,对珠江三角洲9个城市的生态系统适宜度进行测算,并将10个测评年份的数据统一进行标准化处理和非负处理,实现了不同年份和不同城市的可对比化.划分了城市生态系统适宜度的类型,分析了类型的变化和由这些变化形成的城市生态系统适宜度发展的特点,并得出珠江三角洲城市生态系统适宜度增强、珠江三角洲城市生态适宜度3个垂直层次的发展稳定性不一致等结论.