洞庭湖湿地生态系统管理面临的威胁及应对策略初探

生态系统管理可以实现自然资源的多目标管理。洞庭湖湿地生态系统优越,区域内社会经济发达,但面临保护与发展的双重压力。其中,开展洞庭湖区湿地生态系统管理面临众多威胁,包括自然灾害频发、资源利用不当、工农业污染突出、自然保护能力不足以及季节性缺水等新老问题交织在一起,共同导致了洞庭湖湿地生态系统功能降低,包括生物多样性降低、调蓄能力减弱、洪渍涝灾害加剧、地下水位升高、垸老田低等现象日益突出,而且这种人类不合理活动的后效放大驱动将长期存在,危及到了湖区水产养殖的自然增殖以及自然资源基础的安全性,成为湖区社会经济发展的严重制约因素。为此,建议在遵循生态系统方法的前提下,洞庭湖地区应该加强管理体制机制创新实践,加快湿地保护的立法与执法进程,通过编制洞庭湖区中长期发展总体规划,促进各种利益相关方参与和共管洞庭湖湿地退田还湖等生态恢复工程的巩固、湿地资源合理利用、湿地产业的开发以及湖区湿地生态与环境建设,最终实现湖区生态美好、民生改善的“人地和谐     

赣江流域淡水生态系统完整性与健康状态的鱼类F-IBI值评价

河流生态系统是地球上最为复杂的生态系统之一,它触及到自然环境所有部分,且几乎与各方面的人类活动均存在直接或间接的联系。河流生态学中最具活力的领域之一就是生态系统健康研究。鱼类是最早建立的生物完整性和健康评价的生物类群,一直以来被广为应用。在调查赣江流域17条一级支流和干流的不同江段的鱼类资源之后,首次通过鱼类完整性指数（F IBI）来评价赣江流域生态系统的健康状态。研究结果表明：赣江流域近70%调查样点鱼类群落完整性处于一般的状态,25%调查样点处于较好状态,5%调查样点则处于差的状态;赣江水系各河流的鱼类群落完整性均处于差-一般的水平。总之,流域支干流的水生态系统健康处于差-一般的状态。认为鱼类完整性受损与人工筑坝和蓄水等人类活动密不可分。建议开展系列补救措施,如增加鱼道或鱼梯等     

三峡库区香溪河库湾沉积物重金属污染特征

2010年3月在三峡水库香溪河库湾获取了无扰动沉积物柱状样,在香溪河口的长江干流(长江右岸)获取了表层沉积物样,现场进行了环境因子测量和室内粒度分析、矿物分析、重金属元素含量分析。沉积物矿物以绿泥石、伊利石和石英为主,占到全部矿物的65%左右。柱状沉积物pH值随深度增加呈现变小的趋势,Eh值也有随深度减少的趋势,反映了环境还原性加强。R-型因子分析结果表明:重金属元素的含量随粒径变细、绿泥石和伊利石含量增加而增加,而随石英、白云石含量增加而降低;且重金属元素含量变化与pH值密切相关,当pH值下降时部分重金属容易重新释放出来而进入环境中。库湾下游具有较中上游高得多的重金属含量,沉积物中重金属的污染程度为无污染到轻度污染,且轻度污染出现于下游至干流。三峡水库蓄水前香溪河沉积物中重金属含量顺序大致为Zn>Pb>Cu>As>Cd,而蓄水后香溪河及干流沉积物均表现为Cu含量高于Pb。     

基于遥感技术的长江三角洲海岸带生态系统服务价值评估

长三角海岸带是长江三角洲与东海间的重要过渡性区域,基于联合国千年评估提出的生态系统服务框架,以生态学为原理、以遥感反演技术为手段、借助经济学方法,对2005年及2008年长三角海岸带的10项生态系统服务价值进行了评估。结果表明,长三角海岸带2005及2008年的生态系统服务总价值分别为1 235.92、1 493.04亿元,与长三角地区实际GDP对比得出,生态系统服务价值实际降低,海岸带生态环境退化;对于不同的生态系统来说,林地、耕地、湿地的生态系统服务价值较高,为增强生态系统可持续发展应重点加以保护;对于不同的生态系统服务功能来说,旅游娱乐服务、土壤保持、调节水源为价值量最大的3项服务,而调节空气质量、精神文化服务、养分循环为价值量最小的3项服务。     

城市湿地生态系统的结构特征及现存问题

对我国城市湿地生态系统的结构特征和存在问题进行了综述。目前我国城市湿地生态系统的结构特征表现为面积小、分布不均、空间结构和营养结构简单、稳定性低、脆弱性强,同时其形态结构具有显著的景观美学特征,但受水环境因素的制约性强。目前的主要问题是：湿地面积迅速减少、空间结构脆弱性加剧、环境污染加剧、生物多样性降低、生物入侵严重、生态系统稳定性下降、水土流失与湖泊淤积严重、规划设计不当、人为干预强烈。通过综述,将增加人们对城市湿地生态系统结构的深入认识,为开展科学保护、建设、开发、利用活动和促进城市可持续发展提供依据。     

Is There a Metabolism of an Urban Ecosystem? An Ecological Critique

The energy and material flows of a city are often described as urban metabolism (UM), which is put forward as a way to link a city's ecology and economy. UM draws parallels to the biology of individual organisms, yet the analogy is misapplied. In striving to be interdisciplinary, UM makes this organismic comparison rather than identifying the city as an ecosystem, thereby ignoring developments in ecological theory. Using inappropriate rhetoric misdirects researchers, which influences scientific investigation-from problem statements to interpretations. UM is valuable in quantifying the city's use of natural resources but does not achieve a comprehensive, integrated analysis of the urban ecosystem. To realize an interdisciplinary, perhaps transdisciplinary, understanding of urban ecology, researchers need to emphasize the essential tenets of material flows analysis, view the city as an ecosystem, and use language that properly reflects current knowledge, theory, and conceptual frameworks in the foundational disciplines.     

Carbon exchange between ecosystems and atmosphere in the Czech Republic is affected by climate factors

By comparing five ecosystem types in the Czech Republic over several years, we recorded the highest carbon sequestration potential in an evergreen Norway spruce forest (100%) and an agroecosystem (65%), followed by European beech forest (25%) and a wetland ecosystem (20%). Because of a massive ecosystem respiration, the final carbon gain of the grassland was negative. Climate was shown to be an important factor of carbon uptake by ecosystems: by varying the growing season length (a 22-d longer season in 2005 than in 2007 increased carbon sink by 13%) or by the effect of short- term synoptic situations (e.g. summer hot and dry days reduced net carbon storage by 58% relative to hot and wet days). Carbon uptake is strongly affected by the ontogeny and a production strategy which is demonstrated by the comparison of seasonal course of carbon uptake between coniferous (Norway spruce) and deciduous (European beech) stands.     

三峡库首地区土壤养分状况与年际变化

三峡库区长期以来人地矛盾突出,蓄水和移民搬迁使土地资源进一步减少,过度开发引起的土壤肥力下降和生态退化问题日趋严重。通过布点调查和土壤取样,对秭归县水田坝乡区域不同海拔高度和农业土地利用管理方式土壤养分状况及其变化趋势进行分析。结果表明: 研究区域内山地农业已普遍采用梯田进行保护性耕作,海拔600~700 m区域主要开辟为脐橙园,700~900 m区域山地主要种植常规作物;研究区域土壤有明显粗骨化和沙质化特性,其肥力特征是蓄水力偏弱,持水保肥性较差,但通气和透水性好,易耕作;研究区域土壤有机质含量偏低,中高海拔区域土壤有机质、全氮含量相对较高,而低海拔区域土壤全磷、全钾含量较高;坡改梯有利于改善土壤肥力状况,提高土壤氮磷养分含量;根据2005~2010年研究结果,研究区域土壤肥力退化趋势仍未得到控制,同时因水土流失和化肥大量使用,该区域大多数土壤有机质含量、全氮、全磷和全钾含量呈降低趋势,而土壤速效养分含量有增高趋势     

Assessment of susceptibility of olive cultivars to the Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin, 1790) and Camarosporium dalmaticum (Thüm.) Zachos & Tzav.-Klon. attacks in Calabria (Southern Italy)

Within the framework of research concerning the application of techniques alternative to chemical pesticides for control of parasites, the C.R.A. Experimental Institute for Olive Growing for many years has been performing a large investigation in order to detect sources of genetic resistance in olive germplasm. In the present study we observed the behavior related to the olive fly (Bactrocera oleae) infestation and Camarosporium dalmaticum infection of ten olive cultivars farmed under the same agronomic and climatic conditions in Calabria, Southern Italy. The sampling and the data collecting were carried out in three different ripening times.The drupe amount of oleuropein and cyanidine was detected by laboratory analyses in order to verify a possible correlation between these molecules and the level of infestation/infection of the above-mentioned parasites. The obtained data were submitted to analysis of variance. In relation to the fungal infection the results displayed that cvs Tonda nera dolce showed the lowest susceptibility, while the cv Giarraffa turned out to be the most susceptible. The less susceptible cultivars to the phytophagous were Tonda nera dolce and Bhardi Tirana. Since the less susceptible cultivar to olive fly attacks are the same observed in relation to the susceptibility to olive fruit rot, it is suggested a relation between the olive fly infestation and the fungal infection. It suggests the utility to achieve these results both to transfer directly to the farmers' world and to emphasize ecosystem health and biodiversity conservation.     

上海市生态系统质量评价及其演变特征分析研究

城市化发展引起的土地利用方式和生态系统质量的变化逐渐引起人们的重视,人类的社会经济活动已经对生态系统的结构和功能造成了很大影响。以上海市为研究对象,从生态系统结构、功能和胁迫3个方面构建生态系统质量评价模型,研究了2000年、2005年、2010年3个时期生态系统质量变化、空间差异及其影响因素。结果表明,崇明县和中心城区生态结构指数最高;崇明县功能指数最高,中心城区最低;崇明县受城市化胁迫最小,中心城区胁迫最大。崇明县是上海市生态系统质量最好的区域,3个时期生态系统质量指数均处于1级水平,中心城区生态系统质量最差。提供了一种生态系统质量评价的方法,研究结果揭示了上海市2000-2010年生态系统质量演变趋势,可以为上海市生态系统管理提供参考依据。