受地质条件制约的中国西南岩溶生态系统

岩溶生态系统是受岩溶环境制约的生态系统。中国西南岩溶石山区岩溶发育的地质历史背景,决定其碳酸盐岩主要分布于NE向的构造隆起带上。碳酸盐岩出露面积占土地面积比例≥30%的岩溶县有292个。岩溶生态环境的特殊性和脆弱性主要表现在:(1)西南岩溶生态系统中水、土资源的短缺且不协调。水资源以地下水资源为主,且难开发;土壤资源零星分散,土层薄,易流失;(2)现存广西区植被覆盖特征显示,岩溶石山区森林覆盖率明显低于非岩溶区,同时也暗示着岩溶石山区植被的恢复、演化慢于非岩溶区植被;(3)贵州石漠化分布特征表明岩性对岩溶生态环境的制约;(4)脆弱的岩溶生态环境制约着生态系统的人口承载力。贵州省是西南碳酸盐岩集中分布区的中心,其人均国民生产总值则远比邻省的低。广西、湖南、湖北、重庆碳酸盐岩的分布具有明显的地块性,其岩溶县的人口密度仅分别为非岩溶县的85.05%、83.03%、46.78%、54.43%,岩溶县的人均国民生产总值、农民人均纯收入也不及非岩溶县。根据岩溶生态系统结构特征,在西南岩溶生态重建过程中应关注地表植被覆盖率对表层岩溶带水循环的影响、关注土地利用对地下水的影响、关注岩溶地球化学对特色经济植物可持续发展的影响。     

低湖田生态系统特点及开发利用研究

阐述了低湖田生态系统中的生物系统、土壤系统同水土体系的相互作用,分析了低湖田生态系统中的土壤特性及资源优势潜力。主要表现为：水温、泥温低,土壤通透性能差,结构不良;土壤处于强还原状态,有毒还原性物质含量高,不利于作物的正常生长;土壤微生物活动弱,微生物生物量显著低于正常土壤;土壤有机质矿化慢,土壤供氮能力弱,缺磷、缺锌严重。而水生经济植物莲藕的生物学特性决定其地下茎具有发达的通气组织,保证了植株在水中的正常呼吸和新陈代谢的需要,同时还能改善土壤通气性能和土壤氧化还原状态,增强土壤微生物活力,加快土壤有机质矿化状况。着重从低湖田生态系统所具备的优势入手,对低湖田的作物系统、土壤系统和水土体系进行了比较和分析,其作物生物量排序为：莲藕＞茭白＞菱＞水稻, 其作物产量排序为：莲藕＞茭白＞菱＞水稻;对作物系统的主体作物进行了优化,对土壤系统的关键营养元素进行了调控（N:P:K:16:16:16）,合理利用水土体系的特点构建生物共生的模式,提出了合理利用低湖田资源优势的措施和开发模式（鱼藕共生模式）,提高低湖田生态系统综合开发效益的整体水平。     

Urban Flora as a Component of the Urban Ecosystems in the Taiga Zone: An Example of Karelian Cities

Cities are areas of increased diversity of species in the taiga zone. The aboriginal fraction of Karelian flora is a stable natural system whose main characteristics are preserved in the urban flora. The adventive fraction, which is a dynamic component of the flora, has not been completely formed in the cities, as well as in eastern Fennoscandia as a whole. It has become substantially richer during the past 20–25 years. Cities of the taiga zone may serve as objects for monitoring the anthropogenic processes of flora transformation in the North.     

Developing an optimal sampling design. A case study in a coastal marine ecosystem

The development of a sampling design for optimisingsampling site locations collected from a coastalmarine environment has been the purpose of the presentwork; application of statistical analysis and spatialautocorrelation methods have been carried out. Thedataset included data collected from 34 sampling sitesspaced out in the Strait of Lesbos, Greece, arrangedin a 1×1 NM grid. The coastal shallow ecosystem wassubdivided into three zones, an inner one (7stations), a middle one (16 stations) and an offshorezone (11 stations). The standard error of thechlorophyll-a concentrations in each zone hasbeen used as the criterion for the sampling designoptimisation, resulting into reallocation of thesampling sites into the three zones. The positions ofthe reallocated stations have been assessed byestimation of the spatial heterogeneity and anisotropyof chlorophyll-a concentrations usingvariograms. Study of the variance of the initialdataset of the inner zone taking into account spatialheterogeneity, revealed two different sub-areas andtherefore, the number of the inner stations has beenreassessed. The proposed methodology eliminates thenumber of sampling sites and maximises the informationof spatial data from marine ecosystems. It isdescribed as a step-by-step procedure and could bewidely applied in sampling design concerning coastalpollution problems.     

Reflections in a Stock Pond: Are Anthropogenically Derived Freshwater Ecosystems Natural, Artificial, or Something Else?

“A skyscraper is as natural as a bird’s nest” –Alan Watts For millennia, people have altered freshwater ecosystems directly through water development and indirectly by global change and surrounding land-use activities. In these altered ecosystems, human impacts can be subtle and are sometimes overlooked by the people who manage them. This article provides two case studies near Boulder, Colorado that demonstrate how perceptions regarding these ecosystems affect their management. These examples are typical of lakes and streams along the Front Range of Colorado that are simultaneously natural and social in origin. Although natural, many of the region’s freshwater ecosystems are affected by ongoing ecologic, hydrologic, chemical, and geomorphic modifications produced by human activity. People and nature are both active participants in the production of these freshwater ecosystems. The concept of “hybridity,” borrowed from geographers and social scientists, is useful for describing landscapes of natural and social origin. Hybrid freshwater ecosystems are features of the humanized landscape and are derived from deliberate cultural activities, nonhuman physical and biological processes, and incidental anthropogenic disturbance. Our perceptions of “natural” freshwater ecosystems and what definitions we use to describe them influences our view of hybrid systems and, in turn, affects management decisions regarding them. This work stresses the importance of understanding the underlying societal forces and cultural values responsible for the creation of hybrid freshwater ecosystems as a central step in their conservation and management.     

包头地区的生态环境建设

内蒙古包头地区属于季风尾闾区,干旱少雨,生态环境十分脆弱.近几十年来,由于多种因素的影响,本区生态环境退化现象严重,因此积极探索本区生态环境建设途径,有效遏制生态环境退化,改善区域生产、生活条件的意义非常重大.在大量实地考察和资料研究的基础上,指出了本区生态环境建设中存在的主要问题,并提出了搞好生态环境建设的对策建议.     

PRE-WARNING OF THE UPLAND ECOSYSTEM IN THE THREE-GORGE RESERVOIR AREA

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安徽"两山一湖"区域生态不稳定因素辨识及其对策

通过对“两山一湖“区域生态系统的分析,认识到影响该区域生态不稳定的主要因素是人类活动对野生动植物栖息地的破坏、毁林垦种、外来物种入侵、森林火灾等;提出了保护森林资源、调整土地利用结构、实行退耕还林、推广水流域综合治理、加强物种保护、预防松材线虫病和森林火灾、建立以森林为主体的生态安全保障体系.     

Accumulation of pollutant nitrogen in calcareous and acidic grasslands: Evidence from N flux and 15N tracer studies

Semi-natural calcareous and acidic grasslands are known to be sensitive to increased atmospheric N deposition. However, the fate of pollutant N within these systems is unknown. This paper reports on the first studies to determine the fate of added N within a calcareous and an acidic grassland subject to long-term simulated enhanced N deposition. Intact soil/turf cores were removed from field plots treated for six years with enhanced N deposition (ambient +0, +35 and +140 kg N ha^–1 year^–1). Cores were inserted into lysimeters and output fluxes of N were monitored in detail. Complete N budgets—calculated from the N flux data—showed considerable accumulation of N within the treated grasslands, up to 76% and 38% of pollutant N in the calcareous and acidic grasslands respectively. In the second study, the short-term (21 day) fate of pollutant N was determined by tracing ¹⁵N labelled ammonium nitrate (+35 kg N ha^–1 year^–1) though the acidic and calcareous lysimeters into plant, soil and leachate pools. Up to 91% and 59% of ¹⁵N was recovered in soils and vegetation of the calcareous and acidic grasslands respectively, with negligible amounts recovered in soil extractable ammonium and nitrate (<0.3%) and in leachate (<0.02%). This rapid short-term immobilisation of pollutant N supports the long-term accumulation of the element calculated from the N flux study.     

滇池污染与治理的生态学分析

从生态学角度分析了滇池富营养化形成的原因，认为滇池富营养化是滇池流域各子生态系统受到破坏所造成的结果。提出治理滇池应该用生态学的原理和方法分别修复受到破坏的各子生态系统，恢复各子生态系统的合理结构、高效功能和协调关系，并把各子生态系统整合为一个整体协调、自我维持、自我演替的滇池流域生态系统，才能最终实现滇池富营养化治理。