Water chemistry controlled aggregation and photo-transformation of silver nanoparticles in environmental waters

The inevitable release of engineered silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into aquatic environments has drawn great concerns about its environmental toxicity and safety. Although aggregation and transformation play crucial roles in the transport and toxicity of AgNPs, how the water chemistry of environmental waters influences the aggregation and transformation of engineered AgNPs is still not well understood. In this study, the aggregation of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated AgNPs was investigated in eight typical environmental water samples (with different ionic strengths, hardness, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations) by using UV–visible spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. Raman spectroscopy was applied to probe the interaction of DOM with the surface of AgNPs. Further, the photo-transformation and morphology changes of AgNPs in environmental waters were studied by UV–visible spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. The results suggested that both electrolytes (especially Ca^2 + and Mg^2 +) and DOM in the surface waters are key parameters for AgNP aggregation, and sunlight could accelerate the morphology change, aggregation, and further sedimentation of AgNPs. This water chemistry controlled aggregation and photo-transformation should have significant environmental impacts on the transport and toxicity of AgNPs in the aquatic environments.     

基于SPEI的云南中部区域干旱时空变化特征分析

利用云南中部地区1961~2010年逐月降水和气温资料,采用降水距平百分率和历史旱情资料验证了标准化降水蒸散指数(Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index,SPEI)在该地区的适用性,并采用Mann-kendall突变检验、Morlet小波和经验正交函数(Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF)等方法,分析了该地区干旱的时空演变特征,结果表明:(1)SPEI与降水距平百分率在时空上具有很好的相关性,验证了SPEI对降水变化的敏感性;(2)SPEI指数与历史旱情资料比较吻合,能够有效地反映云南中部区域的干旱特征;(3)年均SPEI呈波动下降趋势,干季SPEI降低趋势明显。年均SPEI存在着24a的主周期和9a的次周期,并于1977年发生了突变,此后开始降低,在整体上呈现出干旱化的趋势;(4)从SPEI的空间分布特征来看,其在整体上受大尺度气候系统的影响表现出一致的下降趋势,而在区域内部则表现出东南-西北(干热河谷)的反向结构差异。     

黔中黄壤坡耕地区域降水及其氮磷输入特征

黄壤坡耕地不仅具有“黏、酸、瘦”的特点,而且水土、养分流失普遍严重,引起一系列农业面源污染环境问题。以黔中黄壤坡耕地氮磷流失长期定位监测基地为平台,于2008─2012年连续5年进行观测,研究了降水及氮磷湿沉降浓度、总量及季节性变化等特征,探明了降雨带入的氮磷养分对黄壤坡耕地养分流失的贡献,为农业生产、农业面源污染防治对策提供科学依据。结果表明：2008─2012年间,年降雨次数变幅为46~109次,年均64次;年降雨量变幅为558.4~901.5 mm,年均695.7 mm;频次降雨量变幅为6.5~15.5 mm,平均10.9 mm。5年湿沉降TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N、TP浓度变幅,分别为1.57~3.31、0.17~0.79、0.10~0.94和0.06~0.48 mol·L-1,平均值分别为1.91、0.42、0.28、0.14 mol·L-1,均与降水量呈负相关,但未达到显著水平;5年湿沉降TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N、TP输入量变幅,分别为11.19~18.47、0.96~5.47、1.22~6.65和0.42~1.34 kg·hm-2·a-1,平均值分别为14.32、3.37、2.77、1.09 kg·hm-2·a-1,TN、TP输入量与降雨量呈正相关(相关系数分别为0.774、0.707,P值分别为0.0003、0.0015)。输入量季节性变化5─8月最为集中,5─7月TN输入量为6.95 kg·hm-2,占全年TN输入量的比例高达51.1%;6─8月TP输入量为0.49 kg·hm-2,占全年TP输入量的比例高达47.4%,即冬、春季较低,夏、秋季较高。湿沉降TN、TP输入量相当于当地施肥投入的氮、磷素总量的7.54%、1.14%,因此在农业生产中制定施肥方案时,可考虑坡耕地湿沉降养分的输入,尤其是氮养分的输入。     

河南省汛期极端降水事件分析

利用河南1961～2006年50个气象站台站汛期（6～8月份）逐日降水量资料，定义95%降水分位数为极端降水事件的阈值，建立不同站近46年汛期极端降水事件发生频次的时间序列。在此基础上采用趋势分析、最大熵谱分析等统计技术方法，对河南降水事件发生频次的空间分布及年际变化特点进行了分析。结果表明：空间变化上总体具有北多南少的特点，而且汛期降水量的比重与极端降水事件发生频次的高低存在着很好的一致性；空间分布上主要有全省一致型、西北 东南型、南阳盆地型和中部分布型等4种类型，其中全省一致分布型为最主要的空间模态；年际变化趋势各地有所不同，豫西、豫南区为减少趋势，而豫中、豫北、豫东和豫西南区表现为增加趋势，而且在振荡形态上各有同异，以2~8年和10年左右的年代际变化最为普遍。     

Water Management Applications for Satellite Precipitation Products: Synthesis and Recommendations

This article is an assessment of the current state of the art and relative utility of satellite precipitation products (SPPs) for hydrologic applications to support water management decisions. We present a review of SPPs, their accuracy in diverse settings including the influence of geography, topography, and weather systems, as well as the pros and cons of their use for different water management applications. At the end of this broad synthesizing effort, recommendations are proposed for: (1) SPP developers to improve the quality, usability, and relevance of precipitation products; and (2) SPP users to improve the reliability of their predictions and hydrologic applications to better support water management.     

THE SENSITWITY OF NORTHERN SIERRA NEVADA STREAMFLOW TO CLIMATE CHANGE1

ABSTRACT: The sensitivity of streamflow to climate change was investigated in the American, Carson, and Truckee River Basins, California and Nevada. Nine gaging stations were used to represent streamflow in the basins. Annual models were developed by regressing 1961–1991 streamflow data on temperature and precipitation. Climate-change scenarios were used as inputs to the models to determine streamflow sensitivities. Climate-change scenarios were generated from historical time series by modifying mean temperatures by a range of +4°C to—4°C and total precipitation by a range of +25 percent to -25 percent. Results show that streamflow on the warmer, lower west side of the Sierra Nevada generally is more sensitive to temperature and precipitation changes than is streamflow on the colder, higher east side. A 2°C rise in temperature and a 25-percent decrease in precipitation results in stream-flow decreases of 56 percent on the American River and 25 percent on the Carson River. A 2°C decline in temperature and a 25-percent increase in precipitation results in streamflow increases of 102 percent on the American River and 22 percent on the Carson River.     

基于δ18O的青藏高原中部错那湖湖水蒸发研究

稳定同位素方法经常被用来估算湖水水量平衡,这种方法主要依赖于水样的采集和同位素分析,并结合研究区域相关的气候和水文信息对湖水进行研究。基于对1999-2001年期间获得的18个湖水样的稳定同位素分析,发现错那湖水δD和δ¹⁸O的平均值分别为-83.3‰和-9.6‰,显著高于流域内同期降水中δD和δ¹⁸O的加权平均值-124.5‰和-16.6‰;流域内湖水稳定同位素的变化幅度远小于降水,但展示了明显的季节变化,夏季值较低而冬春季值较高,这种变化表现出一定的降水量效应,表明降水是湖水主要补给来源之一。结合所获得的流域内降水和河水稳定同位素数据,利用稳定同位素质量平衡方法对非结冰期间错那湖水的蒸发与流入比率(E/I)进行了估算,结果表明,受太阳辐射与气温升高的影响,湖水受到强烈的蒸发,流入错那湖的水大约24%消耗于蒸发。     

从废水中回收磷的主要方法和常见工艺

磷污染是引起水体富营养化的重要原因,磷资源紧缺是我们即将面对的事实,同时解决这两方面问题的办法就是必须从含磷废水中回收磷。文章叙述从废水中回收磷的主要方法和原理,并介绍常见工艺流程。     

Fe-Mn-sepiolite as an effective heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for the decolorization of reactive brilliant blue

A study of the decolorization of reactive brilliant blue in an aqueous solution using Fe-Mn-sepiolite as a heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst has been performed. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the catalyst showed bending vibrations of the Fe-O. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the catalyst showed characteristic diffraction peaks of α-Fe₂O₃, γ-Fe₂O₃ and MnO. A four factor central composite design (CCD) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate and optimize the important variables (catalyst addition, hydrogen peroxide dosage, initial pH value and initial dye concentration). When the reaction conditions were catalyst dosage= 0.4 g, [H₂O₂]= 0.3 mL, pH= 2.5, [reactive brilliant blue]_o = 50 mg·L⁻¹, and volume of solution= 500 mL at room temperature, the decolorization efficiency of reactive brilliant blue was 91.98% within 60 min. Moreover, the Fe-Mn-sepiolite catalyst had good stability for the degradation of reactive brilliant blue even after six cycles. Leaching of iron ions (<0.4 mg·L⁻¹) was observed. The decoloring process was reactive brilliant blue specific via a redox reaction. The benzene ring and naphthalene ring were first oxidized to open ring; these were then oxidized to the alcohol and carboxylic acid. The reactive brilliant blue was decomposed mainly by the attack of ·OH radicals including surface-bound ·OH radicals generated on the catalyst surface.     

过去50年中国森林资源和降水变化的统计分析

论文对过去50年中国森林资源和降水变化进行了统计分析，以期在大尺度上寻找森林资源与降水变化之间的关系。主要结论为：①建国以来我国的森林覆盖率呈上升趋势；②过去50年全国、林区、非林区降水量均呈减少趋势，干旱化趋势明显；③对建国后历次森林资源调查（清查）时段内降水差值（以百分数为单位）、森林覆盖率（以相邻两次变化百分数为单位）变化关系的分析表明，二者的统计关系并不显著，即：过去50年我国森林资源的变化对降水没有显著的影响；④森林影响降水是一个复杂的系统问题，该研究还存在着许多不确定性因素，需进一步实验验证与理论探讨。