无机沉淀对土壤有机质吸附疏水有机污染物的影响

土壤有机质对疏水性有机污染物的吸附解吸是影响其在土壤中迁移、转化和归趋的重要因素之一。老化是有机污染物和土壤等介质长时间相互作用的结果,它影响着污染物的生物有效性。已有的老化研究注重有机污染物被土壤等介质吸附隔离的机制,很少考虑土壤等吸附剂自身演化对有机污染物吸附的影响。本文通过无机沉淀处理方法来模拟自然环境过程吸附剂自身的演化对土壤有机质吸附能力的影响,从而证明吸附剂自身的变化也是影响老化效应的一个重要因素。结果表明,不同无机沉淀包裹和填充的碱提土样品比原始碱提土样品具有更小的吸附能力,同时无机沉淀处理后的样品的吸附性能随着无机沉淀离子浓度增加而降低。这可能是无机沉淀覆盖碱提土样品的内外表面积和填充碱提土样品的微孔所引起的,同时也可能是无机沉淀占据了吸附有机污染物的高能点位所致。     

石羊河流域降水化学特征时空变化及来源浅析

运用相关分析、因子分析、富集因子和HYSPLIT模型对石羊河流域从2013年7月到2014年7月连续收集降水样品的主要离子浓度特征及来源进行了探讨分析,结果表明,Ca~(2+)和Na~+是主要的阳离子,SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-是主要的阴离子,石羊河流域的主要降水类型为SO_4~(2-)-NO_3~--Ca~(2+);石羊河流域的总离子浓度的季节大小变化顺序为冬季春季秋季夏季,石羊河流域的降水水化学主要受地壳源和人为源的影响;石羊河流域的降水类型分为季风降水、西风降水和混合降水,而混合降水是石羊河流域的主要降水类型,其次为西风降水,最后为季风降水。     

降水梯度序列下柠条林地土壤养分的空间变异

通过野外实地调查结合室内分析,研究陕西省境内不同降雨条件下的黄土高原同级树龄柠条林地土壤养分。结果表明,研究区土壤养分含量低,养分中有机质和全氮在降水梯度上的空间变异性显著;有机质和全氮含量在土壤剖面上表现为随着土层的加深逐渐减少,全磷含量在土壤剖面上表现为从表层到心土层逐渐降低,从心土层到底层逐渐增加;全钾含量在剖面上的规律与有机质和全氮相反;有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量均随着降水梯度的增加而增加;有机质含量与全氮、全钾呈现极显著正相关,与全磷呈现显著正相关关系。     

基于UNMIX模型对大气降雨中水溶性离子来源解析

对洛杉矾2005年1月至2015年1月的降水数据进行了分析,并通过UNMIX模型对降水中的无机离子成分进行了来源解析.结果表明,洛杉矶降水的pH均值为4.84,表现为轻度污染的弱酸性水平;降水的污染来源主要有3个,分别是二次污染源(50％)、海洋传输源(43％)、燃煤源及生物质燃烧源(7％);降水中离子解析结果与洛杉矶地区细颗粒物污染来源解析结果有较好的一致性,表明在细颗粒物化学成分缺失的情况下,降水离子可在一定程度上反应污染来源解析.     

EFFECTS OF CONTROLLED DRAINAGE ON STORM EVENT HYDROLOGY IN A LOBLOLLY PINE PLANTATION1

ABSTRACT: A paired watershed approach was utilized to study the effects of three water management regimes on storm event hydrology in three experimental watersheds in a drained loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation in eastern North Carolina. The regimes were: (1) conventional drainage, (2) controlled drainage (CD) to reduce outflows during spring fish recruitment, and (3) controlled drainage to reduce outflows and conserve water during the growing season. Data from two pit‐treatment years and three years of CD treatment with raised weirs at the watershed outlet are presented. CD treatment resulted in rises in water table elevations during the summer. But the rises were small and short‐lived due to increased evapotranspiration (ET) rates as compared to the spring treatment with lower ET demands. CD treatment had no effect on water tables deeper than 1.3 m. CD treatments, however, significantly (α= 0.05) reduced the stoning outflows for all events, and peak outflow rates for most of the events depending upon the outlet weir level. In some events, flows did not occur at all in watersheds with CD. When event outflows occurred, duration of the event was sharply reduced because of reduced effective ditch depth. Water table depth at the start of an event influenced the effect of CD treatment on storm event hydrology.     

突发性灾难重大事件后公众对心理服务的认知和需求

为分析突发性灾难重大事件发生后公众对心理服务的认知和需求现状,采用随机抽样的方法在全国范围内抽取458名群众作为被试,使用“突发性灾难重大事件后公众心理服务认知和需求”调查问卷进行调查。结果显示:①不同性别人群、不同年龄阶段人群对“突发性灾难重大事件后心理服务”的认知存在显著差异(X^2=9.82,p<0.05;X^2=33.99,p<0.05)。②不同年龄阶段的人群对民众开展心理服务的必要性态度存在显著差异(X^2=15.84,p<0.05)。不同文化程度人群、不同性别人群对突发性灾难重大事件后心理服务活动的参与意愿存在显著差异(X^2=7.20,p<0.05;X^2=6.78,p<0.05)。③不同文化程度人群对心理服务知识和技能需求存在显著差异(X^2=28.65,p<0.05),在接受心理服务场所的选择上也存在显著差异(X^2=16.44,p<0.05)。不同年龄阶段人群对接受心理服务场所的选择上存在显著差异(X^2=21.52,p<0.05)。分析结果显示:在遭受突发性灾难重大事件时,公众对心理服务的了解程度一般,但参与意愿和需求强烈,因此,国家和社会应加快社会心理服务体系的建设,促进公众的心理健康。     

Sustainable Rainwater Catchment Systems for Micronesian Atoll Communities

Atoll island communities rely on rainwater catchment systems (RWCS) as a primary method of storing freshwater. However, stored freshwater can be depleted during times of drought, requiring importation of water to sustain community living. To maintain adequate water supply under future climatic conditions, the functioning of RWCS for atoll communities must be analyzed and optimal designs must be adopted. In this study, a quantitative analysis of stored daily water volumes is provided for atoll islands within the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), with Nikahlap Island, Pakein Atoll, and a generic island in western FSM used as representative cases. Using a daily water balance model for the RWCS, baseline conditions are simulated for the 1997‐1999 time period, during which an intense El Niño‐induced drought occurred, and a sensitivity analysis is performed to quantify the influence of RWCS features on water system outputs, whereupon an optimal RWCS design using existing infrastructure is analyzed. Results indicate the strong influence of catchment area, system efficiency, and storage capacity on water volumes and the depletion of water during dry seasons and drought periods using current RWCS infrastructure. Adequate storage can be maintained during a major drought if unused RWCS features are employed and if minimal rationing is adopted. Study results provide water resource managers and government officials with valuable data for consideration in water security measures.     

重庆缙云山降水中不同形态汞的含量及其沉降量

于2013年4月至2014年3月连续1 a,利用湿沉降自动采样器采集了重庆缙云山的雨水样品,分析了样品中不同形态汞的含量,并计算其沉降量.结果表明,降水中总汞(THg)、溶解态汞(DHg)、颗粒态汞(PHg)、活性汞(RHg)、总甲基汞(Me Hg)、溶解态甲基汞(DMe Hg)、颗粒态甲基汞(PMe Hg)的含量范围分别为7.47~120.11、2.51~43.03、2.28~77.99、0.14~15.14、2.58×10-2~101.62×10-2、0.30×10-2~72.29×10-2、1.45×10-2~63.55×10-2ng·L-1.在计算各形态汞体积加权平均含量(VWM)的基础上,分别算出其年沉降通量为:42.71、23.51、19.20、5.87、0.61、0.34、0.27μg·(m2·a)-1.Me Hg占THg的比例是0.07%~3.79%(平均1.34%),而PHg占THg的比例以及PMe Hg占Me Hg的比例分别是10.49%~89.30%(平均49.95%)、4.31%~98.86%(平均43.14%).除Me Hg外,其它形态汞的含量和沉降量都表现出了明显的季节变化特征,THg、DHg、PHg的含量均为冬季最高而夏季最低,RHg的含量在春冬季明显高于秋夏季.THg、DHg、Me Hg、DMe Hg的沉降量与降雨量具有相同的季节变化趋势,均为春季夏季秋季冬季,RHg的沉降量也是春季最大,而冬季最小.缙云山大气汞沉降不仅受到降雨量、降雨频率以及其它气象条件的影响,也受到了人为活动的干扰.     

Dynamic failure assessment of an ammonia storage unit: A case study

Chemical Process Industries usually contain a diverse inventory of hazardous chemicals and complex systems required to perform process operations such as storage, separation, reaction, compression etc. The complex interactions between the equipment make them vulnerable to catastrophic accidents. Risk and failure assessment provide engineers with an intuitive tool for decision making in the operation of such plants. Abnormal events and near-miss situations occur regularly during the operation of a system. Accident Sequence Precursors (ASP) can be used to demonstrate the real-time operating condition of a plant. Dynamic Failure Assessment (DFA) methodology is based on Bayesian statistical methods incorporates ASP data to revise the generic failure probabilities of the systems during its operational lifetime.In this paper, DFA methodology is applied on an ammonia storage unit in a specialized chemical industry. Ammonia is stored in cold storage tanks as liquefied gas at atmospheric pressure. These tanks are susceptible to failures due to various abnormal conditions arising due process failures.Tank failures due to three such abnormal conditions are considered. Variation of the failure probability of the safety systems is demonstrated. The authors use ASP data collected from plant specific sources and safety expert judgement. The failure probabilities of some safety systems concerned show considerable deviation from the generic values. The method helps to locate the components which have undergone more degradation over the period and hence must be paid attention to. In addition, a Bayesian predictive model has been used to predict the number of abnormal events in the next time interval. The user-friendly and intuitive nature of the tool makes it appropriate for application in safety assessment reports in process industries.