An assessment of historical change in two northern Minnesota lakes

Two northern Minnesota lakes that had been studied in detail 22 years earlier (1958) were restudied to determine the extent of alteration in ecological conditions. Approximately one year after the original investigation, a coal-fired power plant, which incremented sulfate loading by about 6 kg/ha-yr, began operation nine miles away. These lakes lie within a region judged susceptible to acidic precipitation, though each lake, based on its buffering capacity, would be judged only moderately sensitive. In spite of the influence of this plant and other anthropogenic inputs, the change in lake ecology was apparently minimal. Water clarity decreased in both lakes and some alteration in zooplankton community structure was observed. The long-term utility of lake surveys depends upon how carefully and completely conditions can be reconstructed from records and reports. Past surveys generally omit measures of variability for the data, allowing only qualitative comparisons to be drawn. In order to judge the graded responses of aquatic ecosystems, necessary to sound management, quantitative measures are needed.Deceased.     

Sulfate removal from waste chemicals by precipitation

Chemical oxidation using Fenton's reagent has proven to be a viable alternative to the oxidative destruction of organic pollutants in mixed waste chemicals, but the sulfate concentration in the treated liquor was still above the acceptable limits for effluent discharge. In this paper, the feasibility of sulfate removal from complex laboratory wastewaters using barium and calcium precipitation was investigated. The process was applied to different wastewater cases (two composite samples generated in different periods) in order to study the effect of the wastewater composition on the sulfate precipitation. The experiments were performed with raw and oxidized wastewater samples, and carried out according to the following steps: (1) evaluate the pH effect upon sulfate precipitation on raw wastewaters at pH range of 2-8; (2) conduct sulfate precipitation experiments on raw and oxidized wastewaters; and (3) characterize the precipitate yielded. At a concentration of 80 g L(-1), barium precipitation achieved a sulfate removal up to 61.4% while calcium precipitation provided over 99% sulfate removal in raw and oxidized wastewaters and for both samples. Calcium precipitation was chosen to be performed after Fenton's oxidation; hence this process configuration favors the production of higher quality precipitates. The results showed that, when dried at 105 degrees C, the precipitate is composed of hemidrate and anhydrous calcium sulfate ( approximately 99.8%) and trace metals ( approximately 0.2%: Fe, Cr, Mn, Co, Ag, Mg, K, Na), what makes it suitable for reuse in innumerous processes.     

Evaluating Infiltration Requirements for New Development Using Extreme Storm Transposition: A Case Study from Dane County,WI

Changes in land use and extreme rainfall trends can lead to increased flood vulnerability in many parts of the world, especially for urbanized watersheds. This study investigates the performance of existing stormwater management strategies for the Upper Yahara watershed in Dane County, WI to determine whether they are adequate to protect urban and suburban development from an extreme rainfall. Using extreme storm transposition, we model the performance of the stormwater infiltration practices required for new development under current county ordinances. We find during extreme rainfall the volume of post‐development runoff from impervious surfaces from a typical site would increase by over 55% over pre‐development conditions. We recommend the ordinance be strengthened to reduce vulnerability to flooding from future urban expansion and the likely increase in the magnitude and frequency of extreme storms.     

Decreased Runoff Response to Precipitation,Little Missouri River Basin,Northern Great Plains,USA

High variability in precipitation and streamflow in the semiarid northern Great Plains causes large uncertainty in water availability. This uncertainty is compounded by potential effects of future climate change. We examined historical variability in annual and growing season precipitation, temperature, and streamflow within the Little Missouri River Basin and identified differences in the runoff response to precipitation for the period 1976‐2012 compared to 1939‐1975 (n = 37 years in both cases). Computed mean values for the second half of the record showed little change (<5%) in annual or growing season precipitation, but average annual runoff at the basin outlet decreased by 22%, with 66% of the reduction in flow occurring during the growing season. Our results show a statistically significant (p < 0.10) 27% decrease in the annual runoff response to precipitation (runoff ratio). Surface‐water withdrawals for various uses appear to account for <12% of the reduction in average annual flow volume, and we found no published or reported evidence of substantial flow reduction caused by groundwater pumping in this basin. Results of our analysis suggest that increases in monthly average maximum and minimum temperatures, including >1°C increases in January through March, are the dominant driver of the observed decrease in runoff response to precipitation in the Little Missouri River Basin.     

CeMn氧化物催化剂的制备及其对甲苯的催化降解性能

采用草酸沉淀法合成了铈锰氧化物(CeMn氧化物)催化剂,在固定床反应器中考察了不同Ce-Mn摩尔比、空速对CeMn氧化物催化剂催化降解甲苯效果的影响,通过XRD、SEM、XPS等技术表征了催化剂的理化性质.实验结果表明:当n(Ce):n(Mn)=1:3时得到的Ce1Mn3催化剂降解甲苯的活性最佳,T50=198℃,T9...     

无常规水文监测高寒湿地纳帕海水量波动模拟分析

论文以无常规水文监测高寒湿地纳帕海为例,基于流域产汇流的时滞效应,建立了湿地区气候因子(日累计降水量)与水文因子(湿地明水量)之间的经验关联模型,以模拟湿地水文情势的波动。研究首先通过对1990-2011 年不同时相的48 期纳帕海湿地Landsat TM/ETM+遥感数据进行解译,提取明水景观变化信息;再利用研究区1988-2011 年逐日降水数据经过统计计算后生成的不同时间步长日累计降水量与48 期明水面积序列进行回归分析,筛选出最佳时间步长日累计降水量并获得其与明水面积之间的经验关联模型;进而借助纳帕海湿地明水面积与明水量之间的经验方程建立湿地明水量-最佳日累计降水量关联模型。模拟结果表明:8-9 月是纳帕海湿地的主汛期,9 月多年平均明水量可达866.11×10⁴ m³;干、湿季明水量差异较大,干季平均明水量为95.91×10⁴ m³。上述模拟结果能够与遥感影像解译所获取的信息和实地调查信息保持基本一致,说明此模型能够较好地模拟研究区水文情势波动,为无监测高寒湿地水文情势研究提供了一种新的思路,同时也为该地区湿地洪灾防范提供了数据基础和方法指导。     

短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒污泥的同步驯化

本实验对3组同规格SBR反应器分别采用分阶段法（A/O-A/O/A）异步驯化、连续曝气A/OA同步驯化和间歇曝气A/O/A同步驯化的方式运行.以人工配水为进水基质,接种絮状污泥,通过水力选择压颗粒化,探讨了不同运行方式下短程硝化反硝化颗粒污泥的驯化及脱氮除磷特性.结果表明,在较短曝气时长（140 min）联合较低曝气强度［3.5 L·（h·L）^-1］下,间歇曝气A/O/A同步驯化最具优势,后期稳定运行期间碳、氮、磷的平均去除率分别为90.74%、91.15%和95.66%,可实现同步去除.粒径为895μm,颗粒虽小但均匀致密,f值（MLVSS/MLSS）平稳保持在0.8~0.85,有较高的生物量,这是由于间歇曝气下好/缺氧的交替运行,使得缺氧异养菌作为颗粒的核心,有利于颗粒污泥结构的稳定.批次实验结果表明,间歇曝气A/O/A同步驯化下比氨氧化速率为3.38 mg·（g·h）^-1,能利用NO₂^-为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌（DPAOs）占比达65.46%,更有利于氨氧化菌（AOB）和NO₂^-型DPAOs的同步驯化及富集,保证稳定的处理效果.     

基于气候响应关系研究火干扰对兴安落叶松直径结构的 影响

以大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii）为研究对象,分别选取1987年、2003年和2015年火干扰区域及其附近未受火干扰区域设置典型样地,基于树轮数据和调查数据重建历史直径结构,构建兴安落叶松树木生长与气候因子的相关关系,探讨气候变化背景下火干扰对兴安落叶松直径结构的影响。研究结果表明：（1）火干扰下兴安落叶松直径结构呈正偏,高峰态分布。中度火干扰恢复15年后则呈现负偏、峰度值下降的趋势,而重度火干扰恢复15年后仍处于正偏高峰态分布,但随后趋向负偏,低峰态分布。（2）火干扰改变了兴安落叶松直径生长与气候之间的响应关系,中度火干扰下兴安落叶松生长与上年冬季温度呈显著负相关（p＜0.05）,随着火干扰强度增加,降水的抑制作用增强,重度火干扰下兴安落叶松直径生长与当年生长季（5—8月）、上年生长季（7—9月）和上年冬季（11—12月）降水呈显著负相关关系（p＜0.05）。不同恢复期内树木生长-气候因子关系也有所差异。中度火干扰下兴安落叶松与生长季温度的关系由火干扰初期正相关转变为中期（恢复15年）负相关（p＜0.05）,与上年生长季降水的关系则转变为正相关关系（p＜0.05）;重度火干扰下兴安落叶松直径生长与上年冬季温度由恢复初期的负相关转变为后期（恢复31年）的正相关（p＜0.05）,与当年生长季降水转变为负相关（p＜0.05）。在未来气候变暖和火干扰事件增加的趋势下,兴安落叶松直径结构趋向负偏、高峰态分布。     

岷江上游大沟流域驱动植被退化的人为干扰体研究

研究了岷江上游大沟流域内的人为干扰体,分析了干扰的类型、强度、频率及其时空变化特征,揭示了不同干扰类型及其特性对植被退化的作用、干扰体与人口增长、植被退化等的关系．结果表明：大沟流域人为干扰类型多达８种,但优势的干扰类型是砍伐薪材和牲畜放牧．从近３０ａ的干扰强度变化看,以８０年代初的干扰强度最大,并在近２０ａ内保持很高的干扰强度水平;干扰强度的年内变化表现为春末、夏、秋大而冬、早春小．近４０ａ来的干扰频率愈趋增高,年内表现为春秋季干扰频率最高,夏季中等,而冬季最小．人为干扰的空间差异十分明显,反映出人为干扰的现状及其对植被的破坏强度差异,即由村寨向沟尾和高海拔区、由近及远、由低到高,形成“钟形”干扰格局．认为大沟流域植被的严重退化是所有人为干扰长期共同驱动的结果,与该区人口及其需求迅速增长密切相关．结果还表明,不同性质的干扰对植被的影响作用具协同性,同一干扰体长期连续对植被的影响具累加和放大的作用     

历山山地草甸的物种多样性及其与土壤理化性质的关系

运用12种多样性指数综合分析了历山舜王坪草甸的物种多样性．随着放牧强度渐弱，物种多样性升高，土壤环境因子影响多样性指数，且有机质、N和K对各多样性指数的影响都较大．各群落多样性指数有大体一致的变化趋势，且其随Cu,K含量的增加而增加，说明土壤养分的增加有利于物种多样性的升高；而有机质和N增加群落多样性反而减少，这是因为人为干扰的影响超过了土壤环境因子的影响．综合以上分析得出，该研究地物种多样性指数的影响因子有放牧强度和土壤环境因子等，其中放牧的影响是最主要的．图3表3参15