Land institution of China: overall framework,structural evolution,and regulation intensity

China’s land institution can be defined broadly or narrowly. By examining the broad definition of the land institution, we found that there were prerequisite, complementary, and substitutional relationships among the various systems. These relationships were verified through discussion of the structural evolution of each system. Based on these relationships, three methods for quantification were used to measure the regulation intensity and intra-provincial differences in each system among 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in China in 2014. The statistics analysis shows that provinces used to pursue outstanding performances in land institution but few provinces could outperform the other provinces in all types of systems. The statistics results also indicate that the provinces which executed land institution earlier often hold significant advantages in institutional innovations but it is still not clear whether they can maintain the advantages. This study recommends that the Chinese government should improve the overall framework of regional land institution based on land systems’ relationships and evolutionary patterns. Furthermore, the government should optimize the spatial distribution of regional land institution based on the intra-provincial differences in land-regulation intensity.     

长江经济带土地开发均衡度及限度评价研究

基于长江经济带11个省市2005~2015年土地变更调查数据,从土地开发均衡度和土地开发限度两方面对该地区的土地开发强度进行综合评价。研究表明:(1)长江经济带各省市土地均衡度呈现两极分化,东部和西部地区土地开发失衡,中部地区土地开发相对均衡;(2)长江经济带整体土地开发限度为5.58%,11省市均超过或临近极限值,未来需建立集约型土地开发模式;(3)长江经济带不同地区的土地开发强度差异显著,呈现出下游高上游低,东部高集聚的空间格局。因此,应参考各省市土地开发限度对规划进行修编;增强土地供给能力,为建设用地紧张地区挖掘新的开发潜力;建立跨区域的土地开发体制等,通过完善政策法规促进土地的合理开发利用。     

Mapping and evaluating sugarcane expansion in Brazil’s savanna using MODIS and intensity analysis: a case-study from the state of Tocantins

In Brazil, the main biofuel crop is sugarcane, and with its rapid expansion, there is much debate about what land uses and land covers it is replacing, and what are the associated environmental and social impacts. Some argue sugarcane is mainly replacing cattle pasture, thus having minimal impacts on native vegetation and small-scale family farming. In contrast, others claim sugarcane is replacing cropland traditionally under soybeans, rice, beans, and corn. Thus, food security is negatively affected and small-scale family farming livelihoods and culture are threatened. This is a proof-of-concept paper illustrating methods contributing toward the resolution of such debates. First we map land use and cover change in areas undergoing sugarcane expansion using satellite data from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer); second, we test the hypothesis that sugarcane is replacing traditional annual crops using intensity analysis, via a case study of land change in the municipality of Pedro Afonso, Tocantins in northern Brazil between the 2008–2013 crop years. Maps matched reference data with overall agreements between 87–91%. Intensity analysis confirmed sugarcane is replacing annual crops much more than cattle pasture and other land uses and covers, pointing to particular economic and social processes driving land change.     

铜基钯镍退镀液中铜的再生利用

采用硫氰酸盐沉铜法回收铜基钯镍退镀液中的铜。沉铜的优化工艺条件为初始Cu~(2+)质量浓度3.84 g/L、Cu~(2+)与Na SCN及Na_2SO_3摩尔比1∶4∶0.6、沉铜反应温度30℃,陈化时间24 h,沉铜反应后退镀液中Cu~(2+)残留量仅为0.025 mg/L。在此条件下加入聚乙二醇1.5 g/L,并提高分散液温度至50℃,可制得平均粒径为0.472μm的CuSCN超细粉体。CuSCN粉体为类球形,为含α、β两种晶型的混晶。     

基于LMDI的长江中下游城市群污染排放强度分析

长江中下游城市群地区工业重化特征明显,工业水污染排放贡献超过10%,大气污染物占比更超过70%。本文采用迪氏对数指标分解法(LMDI)识别长江中下游城市群污染排放的主要影响因子,对长江中下游城市群重点行业COD、氨氮、SO_2、NO_x排放强度进行分析。将排放强度拆分为末端削减、技术工业和产品结构三个指标,分析2012—2020年和2020—2030年两个时间段内,对污染排放强度降低贡献度最高的影响因素。结果表明,末端削减和技术工艺对污染排放强度降低影响大,贡献值之和约为90%,两者分别代表末端处理技术对污染排放的削减程度,以及高附加值行业单位产值污染物产生水平;COD、SO_2和氨氮的排放强度由末端削减和技术工艺共同作用,NO_x的排放强度较高且未来末端削减水平进步小,未来需要重视该污染物的减排和治理。     

菌根及酸沉降对菌根影响的研究进展

综述了国内外关于菌根及酸沉降对菌根影响的研究,结果表明:菌根的形成能大大增强植物对不良环境的抵抗能力;酸沉降能抑制菌根的形成,但形成菌根的植物对酸沉降的耐受力比无菌根植物要强得多。酸沉降对菌根影响在分子水平上的表现受到研究者的关注。      

氧化塘中溶解氧浓度与光照强度关系的试验研究

通过室内实验,主要研究了氧化塘中不同表面照度下光照强度沿深度的分布,溶解氧浓度沿深度的分布,以及光照强度与溶解氧浓度的相互关系,并且对试验柱中藻类密度和溶解氧浓度的分布曲线进行了分析,目的是为氧化塘室内模型试验的照度选择和池深设计提供科学依据。      

垃圾堆放场释气源强确定与评价及其污染控制

对北京北神树垃圾堆放场释气采样并定性定量分析,用上、下风测试和现场测试记录２种方法监测污染气体浓度,用改型扩散算出释气源强;通过室内模拟试验,找出产气量规律,产气成分所占比例,得出单位重量垃圾的产气量,进而推算出源强;评价垃圾释气对环境的影响并提出可行的控制污染对策。     

南通市大气降水中硫酸根的影响因素研究

随着环境空气污染的日益加重,研究硫酸根与降水中其他因子的相关关系对准确反映大气的质量状况具有重要意义.根据南通市2018年的降水监测数据,采用SPSS统计分析软件对降水中的硫酸根浓度与pH值、电导率以及常见阴、阳离子进行相关性分析,推断出离子的可能来源.通过多元线性回归模型可以对南通的硫酸根离子浓度进行预测.研究为南通...     

晶析辅助化学沉淀法的研究

在用化学沉淀法处理高浓度氨氮废水的基础上,引入晶析辅助化学沉淀法的思路,即将晶种投加到反应器中,然后从氨氮去除率、生成晶体的粒型、粒径三个方面分析不同晶种对生成晶体的影响,并对生成的磷酸铵镁晶体进行X光衍射分析。得出结论：投加晶种有利于提高氨氮的去除率,但不会明显提高生成晶体的粒径。