2006~2015年北京市不同地区O3浓度变化

对2006~2015年北京市定陵、官园、琉璃河和前门这4个站点的O₃连续监测数据进行分析,探讨其浓度水平、变化趋势、时间变化规律以及和前体物、气象要素的关系.结果表明,定陵站十年平均浓度水平最高（65.2 μg·m^-3）,其次为琉璃河（53.4 μg·m^-3）、官园（49.6 μg·m^-3）和前门（40.4 μg·m^-3）.定陵O₃浓度呈下降趋势［0.5 μg·（m³·a）^-1］,而官园［0.9 μg·（m³·a）^-1］、琉璃河［0.3 μg·（m³·a）^-1］和前门［0.3 μg·（m³·a）^-1］均呈上升趋势.从月变化来看,各站点O₃浓度最高值均出现在6~8月,出现频次最高的为7月（17次）,平均月均浓度为99.8 μg·m^-3;最低值均出现在11、12月和1、2月,出现频次最高的为1月（14次）,平均月均浓度为16.6 μg·m^-3.从日变化来看,近年来O₃浓度峰值出现的时间明显提前,近3年峰值均在15：00~16：00出现,提前了1~2 h.2015年定陵站O₃重污染天数达到11 d,比2013年增加了10 d,表明近年来夏季北京下风向山区的O₃重污染状况愈发严重.与前体物的相关性分析表明,定陵站O₃浓度与NO₂浓度呈正相关,其余站点两者浓度均呈负相关,暗示定陵站O₃生成的前体物控制区可能为NO₂控制区,而其他站点为VOCs控制区.与气象要素的相关性分析表明,O₃浓度与温度呈正相关关系,与湿度和气压呈负相关关系,温度对O₃浓度的影响最大,其次是气压和湿度.当日最高温度超过30℃,相对湿度介于30%至70%之间时,北京市O₃日最大8 h滑动平均浓度超过200 μg·m^-3的概率较高,空气质量级别会达到轻度至中度污染的级别.     

奥运前后北京及其周边大气六氟化硫浓度的变化

2008年6~9月,对北京、兴隆、廊坊、沧州、石家庄、涿州、保定和禹城等8个站点进行每日2次的空气样品采集,利用气相色谱法对样品中的SF6浓度进行分析,以期对华北地区大气SF6的浓度范围、空间分布及其变化规律进行初步探索.结果表明,北京及其周边大气SF6浓度分布存在空间差异,8个站点在采样期间的平均浓度分别为:(10.7±5.1)′10-12、(6.7±0.6)′10-12、(7.2±1.6)′10-12、(8.0±1.7)′10-12、(9.6±5.5)′10-12、(7.6±2.1)′10-12、(8.3±3.5)′10-12和(8.5±2.0)′10-12(V/V),区域平均浓度为8.3′10-12(V/V).华北地区SF6的浓度大小和变化幅度主要受人为排放源的影响,呈现出脉冲式排放.兴隆站可作为华北区域的本底站点,观测期间其SF6的浓度呈线性增加,增长速度远大于全球本底增长速度.奥运前后的各种减排措施对北京SF6的排放有一定影响.     

Aggregated Estimation of Basic Parameters of Biological Production and Carbon Budget of Russian Terrestrial Ecosystems: 3. Biogeochemical Carbon Fluxes

The biogeochemical cycle of organic carbon in Russian terrestrial ecosystems in 1990 is considered. Its components have been estimated as follows: net primary production, 4354 million metric tons of carbon (Mt C); annual amount of plant detritus, 3223 Mt C; heterotrophic soil respiration, 3214 Mt C; biomass utilization, 680 Mt C; damage to vegetation caused by fire and pests, 140 Mt C; and removal by surface and ground waters, 79 Mt C. Anthropogenically regulated fluxes of organic carbon (820 Mt C) are comparable to its amount involved in the natural cycle.     

催化氧化法处理苯系物工业废气催化剂的研制

研究了以铜锰钴氧化物为基本组成的催化氧化苯系物催化剂，评价其活性，并考察助剂，载体，浸渍方法与条件，氧化反应条件对其性能的影响，研究结果表明，铜锰钴蜂窝体载带催化剂适用于工业有机溶剂废气净化处理的需要。它的使用寿命和催化活性都具有实际应用价值。     

Sea to air transport of trace gases in the coastal zone: a literature review

Exchange of trace gases between the oceans and the atmosphere affects the atmospheric content and cycling of a range of chemical species which are related to climate change, ozone layer depletion, acid deposition, eutrophication, atmospheric particle formation, photo-oxidants, trace metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The effects and impacts of air–sea exchange of these gases can be local, regional and global. Until now, most of the research has concentrated on the sea–air exchange of trace gases in the open ocean. The flux rates of the trace gases from the coastal waters to the air are much higher than the rates for the open ocean and the contribution of the coastal areas to the total oceanic emissions of these trace gases can be significant on a global scale. This contribution can be as high as 50% and more for nitrous oxide and COS. Concerning the contribution of the trace gas production in the coastal areas to the total global production of these gases, it can be concluded that this contribution seems to be below 2% except for nitrous oxide. However, it should be pointed out that on the local and even regional scale the emissions in the coastal areas can be very important, contributing substantially to the total emission of these gases in a studied area. Thus, there is a need to carry out studies in the future with the aim to provide more accurate understanding of the production and sea–air exchange processes for these gases around the world. Electronic Publication     

National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Understanding Uncertainties versus Potential for Improving Reliability

We investigated the Austrian national greenhouse gas emission inventory to review the reliability and usability of such inventories. The overall uncertainty of the inventory (95% confidence interval) is just over 10% of total emissions, with nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soils clearly providing the largest impact. Trend uncertainty – the difference between 2 years – is only about five percentage points, as important sources like soil N₂O are not expected to show different behavior between the years and thus exhibit a high covariance. The result is very typical for industrialized countries – subjective decisions by individuals during uncertainty assessment are responsible for most of the discrepancies among countries. Thus, uncertainty assessment cannot help to evaluate whether emission targets have been met. Instead, a more rigid emission accounting system that allows little individual flexibility is proposed to provide harmonized evaluation uninfluenced by the respective targets. Such an accounting system may increase uncertainty in terms of greenhouse gas fluxes to the atmosphere. More importantly, however, it will decrease uncertainty in intercountry comparisons and thus allow for fair burden sharing. Setting of post-Kyoto emission targets will require the independent evaluation of achievements. This can partly be achieved by the validation of emission inventories and thorough uncertainty assessment.     

淮安市大气CO_2浓度变化规律及影响因素的探索

采用二氧化碳自动分析仪和气象资料一套监测了淮安市区大气中的CO2,通过分析采集的数据探索CO2浓度和各种气象条件、季节之间的变化规律。结果表明,淮安市大气CO2浓度一年四季都存在明显的日变化,每天CO2浓度最低值均出现在北京时间15:00时前后;大气CO2浓度随季节变化明显,夏季出现最低值,浓度范围为369.0～395.0μmol/mol,最高值多出现在冬季,浓度范围为420～455μmol/mol。其原因与光合作用的强弱、人为因素、风向等有关。     

稻鸭复合系统的温室气体排放及其温室效应

利用密闭箱技术和碱液吸收法.通过田间试验研究了稻鸭复合系统土壤CH4、N2O和CO2的排放规律及其温室效应.结果表明:①在水稻生长期间,CH4分别在分蘖期和抽穗期出现2个排放高峰.平均排放通量养鸭处理为(7.68±0.74)mg·m-2·h-1.常规淹水稻田(对照)为(9.53±0.40)mg·m-2·h-1;N2O排放通量呈现出在稻田淹水期间保持较低值,在稻田落干后迅速升高的趋势,平均排放通量养鸭处理为(0.092±0.073)mg·m-2·h-1,对照为(0.082±0.074)mg·m-2·h-1;而CO2的排放则在分蘖期和成熟期田面水逐渐落干后呈现2个排放峰,养鸭处理和对照的平均排放通量分别为(121.20±4.21)mg·m-2·h-1和(107.53±3.92)mg·m-2·h-1.②稻田养鸭显著地降低了CH4的排放.水稻整个生育期间排放量为18.41 g.m-2,比对照减少19.3%;而显著地提高了N2O的排放,整个生育期间排放量为0.2 g·m-2,比对照增加了10%;养鸭稻田土壤CO2的总排放量为273.66 g·m-2,对照为245.73 g·m-2,两者之间没有显著性的差异.③CH4是引起稻田温室气体综合温室效应的主体,其贡献率在60%左右,相对于常规稻作,稻田养鸭能有效降低甲烷的温室效应,使其温室气体的综合温室效应显著降低.说明在中国南部稻鸭共作是一个减缓全球温室效应的可行措施.     

DBD技术脱除恶臭气体H2S和CS2的可行性

采用DBD技术脱除工业废气中的H₂S和CS₂.12kV的电压下,分压为4kPa的H₂S,放电5s,去除率接近100%;分压为1.33kPa的CS₂,放电15s,其去除率可达80%.H₂S和CS₂的去除率都随其浓度的增加而下降.在实验室研究的基础上,设计了废气处理量为420m³/h、流速为10m/s的DBD净化装置,进行了实际含H₂S和CS₂的工业废气净化研究,H₂S去除率可达89%,能量消耗为5.2W·h/m³.结果表明DBD技术对于处理含硫恶臭工业废气,具有实际应用价值.     

中国种养系统的氮流动及其环境影响

利用集成完全氮平衡模型和农业污染清单的中国种养系统氮流动模型(nitrogen flow model for farming-feeding system in China,NFM-FFS),研究了2003年中国种养系统中的氮流动及其环境影响.结果表明,2003年中国种养系统土壤虽然氮素表观盈余,但实际亏损623.9×104t,平均亏损13.7 kg/hm2,土壤整体面临含氮量减少和退化的风险.由于中国氮素投入(肥料和各类有机肥)主要集中于耕地系统,对牧草地的投入很少,耕地系统的氮素盈余了1 761.9×104t,平均盈余142.8 kg/hm2,中国牧草地系统氮素亏损2 385.7×104t,平均亏损90.7 kg/hm2.因此平衡耕地和牧草地的氮素投入既可减少农业生产对水环境的影响,又可有效控制牧草地退化.2003年,中国种养系统中总氮损失为2266×104t,其中随径流进入地表水的495.8×104t和淋洗进入地下水的102.4×104t最终沉积在河流、湖泊和海洋中,很少有机会再进入种养系统循环.耕地的肥料施用是中国种养系统向地表水和地下水最主要的氮输出源,应是农业污染控制和管理的重点.