基于多项污染物综合相对重要性的主成分子集合环境测点优选法

根据对多项污染物环境测点的优选,提出了单项污染物测值的相对重要性和多项污染物测值的综合相对重要性新概念,并给出了综合相对重要性的计算公式．根据测点的综合相对重要性,再用主成分子集合选择法优选测点该方法与基于交叉相关性的主成分子集合优选法相比,不仅减少了计算量,而且避免了当各单项污染物选出的测点不一致时,难以确定公共优化点的困难．该方法用于成都市大气污染物的12个测点优选结果符合实际情况．     

基于信息相对重要性的主成分法优选环境测点

提出将单项污染物测值反映的信息量表示为相对重要性和将单项污染物的相对重要性综合为多项污染物的综合相对重要性的计算公式。根据测点信息的综合相对重要性,再用主成分子集合选择法优化选点。该方法不仅减少了计算量,也易于确定多项污染物的综合优化点。该方法用于贵阳市大气环境测点优选出的测点能反映该市的环境质量。      

基于最优尺度地理探测的长三角有机污染物时空分布驱动因素分析

场地污染对人体健康和生态环境造成了严重危害,理解其时空分布规律是污染评估和场地修复的基础.为此基于场地采样数据,利用最优尺度地理探测器分析长三角地区有机污染物时空分布规律及其驱动因素.结果表明:①长三角场地有机污染物空间分布存在显著的尺度效应,其最佳地理探测尺度格网为8000 m;②长三角污染物空间分布的主控因子最主要来源于生物场,其次来源于化学场;③在土壤0~20 cm深度,蔗糖酶含量、脲酶含量、微生物量氮、全氮含量和离子交换量等对有机污染物空间分布的解释力较大.在土壤20~40 cm深度,对有机污染物空间分布解释力较强的因子是土壤湿度、人口和全氮含量等.随着土壤深度的加深,水动力场的因子解释力增强.④春季里人口、全氮含量和多酚氧化酶含量等对有机污染物空间分布解释力较强.秋季里有机污染物的空间分布更复杂,因子之间表现出更强烈的非线性增强现象和双因子增强现象.     

矿化垃圾作回灌型准好氧填埋场日覆盖材料的适宜性研究

本文在对矿化垃圾的基本性质进行测定的基础上,将其作为填埋场覆盖材料进行室内模拟实验.结果显示:经过筛分后的矿化垃圾细料可作为回灌型准好氧填埋场的日覆盖材料,除了具有日覆盖材料的常规功能外,还有净化渗滤液的能力;矿化垃圾对渗滤液中污染物的净化能力优于普通砂土;矿化垃圾作日覆盖材料的最佳粒度为d≤3mm,最优厚度为13cm,双层结构对污染物的净化能力优于单层结构.所以矿化垃圾是一种性能良好的日覆盖替代材料.     

粤港澳大湾区污染场地土壤风险管控制度体系建设与思考

防范污染场地环境风险和保障人居环境安全是粤港澳大湾区建设世界级城市群面临的重要挑战和工作内容之一.由于粤港澳在政治制度和土地管理等方面的差异,以及珠三角9市内部城市化水平、产业结构以及环境管理能力的差别,大湾区各地污染场地风险管控模式有明显的差异,分析粤港澳大湾区典型城市污染场地风险管控特点,对加强污染场地风险管控技术交流与合作,优化大湾区污染场地风险管控制度具有重要意义.本文在简述我国污染场地风险管控制度体系的基础上,重点介绍了广州、深圳、东莞、香港和澳门的污染场地风险管控制度体系、监管对象、污染评估与整治程序等的特点,对其风险管控制度体系进行了分析与对比,并针对土地规划、政策反馈、信息公开及联盟机制探索等提出了思考与建议.总体来看,香港及珠三角部分地市构建了行之有效的污染场地风险管控制度体系,且体现了一定的地方特点,但随着污染场地的进一步开发再利用,打造粤港澳大湾区世界级城市群的建设目标将对污染场地风险管控策略的安全性、精细化和时效性等提出更高的要求,互相借鉴和充分学习,加强大湾区2区9市污染场地风险管控上的技术交流与合作,是实现大湾区污染场地安全再利用与高效开发的有效路径.     

中国典型背景站夏季VOCs污染特征及来源解析

选取庞泉沟、神农架、武夷山和长岛4个代表性大气背景站,使用SUMMA罐采样及GC-FID/MS方法分析了4个背景站夏季环境空气中57种挥发性有机污染物浓度水平、物种组成以及日变化特征,并利用PMF模型对背景站VOCs进行来源解析和臭氧生成潜势（OFP）分析.结果表明,采样期间庞泉沟、神农架、武夷山和长岛的VOCs平均浓度分别为（23.06±8.14）×10^-9,（8.25±4.27）×10^-9,（7.95±11.31）×10^-9和（11.98±8.80）×10^-9.除庞泉沟外,背景点烷烃、芳香烃、烯烃和炔烃浓度均明显低于城市地区.背景点烷烃、芳香烃、烯烃占比与城市地区差异不显著,但背景点炔烃占比显著小于城市地区.烷烃和芳香烃的日变化呈现出白天消减,夜间累积的特点,烯烃浓度则在09：00~15：00点出现峰值.PMF源解析及成分分析结果表明,人为排放源对背景站VOCs构成和臭氧生成潜势有重要贡献.汽油挥发、溶剂及涂料使用、机动车尾气等排放源对4个背景站点的VOCs浓度贡献占比在39%~58%之间,对OFP贡献占比在35%~58%之间.燃烧源对4个背景站点的VOCs浓度贡献占比在18%~21%之间,对OFP贡献占比在约为13%..植物源对4个背景站点的VOCs浓度贡献占比在7%~17%之间,对OFP贡献占比在8%~33%之间,植物源贡献占比高于城市地区.     

Effect of alkaline earth metal promoter on catalytic activity of MnO2 for the complete oxidation of toluene

Herein, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ are introduced to MnO₂ through cation-exchange method. The presence of Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ significantly enhance the catalytic activity of MnO₂ in toluene oxidation. Among them, the Ca-MnO₂ catalyst exhibits the best catalytic activity (T₅₀ = 194°C, T₉₀ = 215°C, E_a = 57.2 kJ/mol, reaction rate 8.40 × 10^?10 mol/(sec?m²) at 210°C. T₅₀ and T₉₀: the temperature of 50% and 90% toluene conversion; E_a: apparent activation energy) and possess high tolerance against 2.0 vol.% water vapor. Results reveal that the increased acidic sites of the MnO₂ sample can enhance the adsorption of gaseous toluene, and the mobility of oxygen species and the content of reactive oxygen species in the catalyst are significantly improved due to the formed oxygen vacancy. Thus these two factors result in excellent catalytic performance for toluene oxidation combining with the weak CO₂ adsorption ability.     

Particle Surface Hydrophobicity and the Dechlorination of Chloro-Compounds by Iron Sulfides

Halogenated aliphatic compounds (HACs) can be reduced by iron sulfides in aqueous systems. Generally, the thermodynamics and kinetics of dehalogenation reactions are controlled by the mineralogical and particle surface characteristics of the iron sulfide, the composition of the HAC and reaction conditions such as component concentrations, pH and Eh. In this theoretical and experimental investigation of CCl₄ and C₂Cl₆ reduction by FeS and FeS₂, the roles of hydrophobic and hydrophilic sites on the iron sulfides were analyzed. Experimental data obtained through zeta potential measurements, were used along with the Gouy-Chapman model and the simple two-layer surface complexation model to relate iron sulfide surface hydroxyl densities to the degree of HAC dehalogenation. The surface hydroxyl site densities of FeS and FeS₂ were found to be 0.11 sites/nm² and 0.21 sites/nm², respectively. During the dehalogenation reaction process, CCl₄ was found to decrease to its first intermediate product CHCl₃ within the first 20 hours followed by a slower process of conversion to CH₂Cl₂. The results also show that FeS is less hydrated (more hydrophobic) than FeS₂. For CCl₄ and C₂Cl₆, FeS is a better dehalogenator than FeS₂. These results imply that particle surface hydrophobicity is a critical factor in surface-mediated dehalogenation of chlorinated compounds.     

Bioaerosol emissions variations in large-scale landfill region and their health risk impacts

● The airborne bacteria in landfills were 4–50 times higher than fungi. ● Bioaerosols released from the working area would pose risk to on-site workers. ● The safe distance for the working area should be set as 80 m. Landfills are widely complained about due to the long-term odor and landfill gas emissions for local residents, while the bioaerosols are always neglected as another threat to on-site workers. In this study, bioaerosols samples were collected from the typical operation scenes in the large-scale modern landfill, and the emission levels of airborne bacteria, pathogenic species, and fungi were quantified and co-related. The corresponding exposure risks were assessed based on the average daily dose via inhalation and skin contact. It was found that the levels of culturable bacteria and fungi in all landfill samples were around 33–22778 CFU/m³ and 8–450 CFU/m³, and the active-working landfill area and the covered area were the maximum and minimum emission sources, respectively, meaning that the bioaerosols were mainly released from the areas related with the fresh waste operation. Acinetobacter sp., Massilia sp., Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum sp. and Noviherbaspirillum sp. were the main bacterial populations, with a percentage of 42.56%, 89.82%, 70.24% and 30.20% respectively in total bioaerosols measured. With regards to the health risk, the health risks via inhalation were the main potential risks, with four orders of magnitude higher than that of skin contact. Active-working area showed the critical point for non-carcinogenic risks, with a hazard quotient of 1.68, where 80 m protection distance is recommended for on-site worker protection, plus more careful protection measures.     

污染场地风险管控可持续评价指标体系构建及关键影响因素分析

以可持续发展理论和风险管理理念为基本原则的污染场地可持续风险管控已成为当前国际社会场地管理的重要决策问题和研究前沿热点,为明确影响污染场地风险管控可持续发展能力的决定性因素,基于国内外污染场地可持续风险管控相关文献的系统调研,构建契合我国场地管理背景的区域污染场地风险管控可持续评价体系,通过指标综合权重计算判定影响风险管控可持续发展能力的关键因子.结果表明,区域尺度上可能影响我国污染场地风险管控可持续性的指标多达44个,涵盖环境、社会、经济和技术这4个维度,单指标影响程度为0.26%～5.01%(平均值2.27%).潜在风险和温室气体排放(环境指标)、健康与安全和公众参与(社会指标)、管控成本和环保投资(经济指标)、修复周期和修复效果(技术指标)是影响我国污染场地风险管控可持续发展的重要因子,影响程度为1.89%～5.01%(平均值3.58%).具有较强政策敏感性的指标,包括考核指标、投融资创新、名录管理、能力建设、安全利用和制度建设等,对风险管控可持续性已经产生1.18%～3.48%的正向影响,随着政策制度的深入落实与全面地域推广,其对风险管控可持续发展的助力效应将更加明显.