Stem Growth of Picea Abies in South Western Sweden in the 10 Years Following Liming and Addition of PK and N

Liming and/or application of specific nutrients have been proposed as countermeasures to the acidification of forest soils in southern Sweden. In this study the stem growth of Picea abies (L.) Karst. growing on acidic mineral soils in SW Sweden was investigated 10 years after additions of lime (Ca; 3000 kg lime ha⁻¹), lime plus P (25 kg ha⁻¹) and K (80 kg ha⁻¹), or N in low doses (2 × 10 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) (treatments: CaPK, Ca, N, CaPKN, and 2Ca2P2K, respectively). Compared with the control, stem growth was increased following all treatments involving lime additions, including liming alone. The PK addition did not seem to affect growth. The most plausible cause of the observed growth increases was that the lime additions indirectly increased the supply of plant-available N. The annual low-dose N addition did not significantly affect growth. This suggests that air-borne deposition of N, which supplies very small doses of N throughout the year, has a minor or even negligible influence on P. abies growth.     

Impact of Harvest Intensity on Long-Term Base Cation Budgets in Swedish Forest Soils

The effects of harvesting on the long-term mass balances of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) were evaluated on a regional level in Sweden. A new high-resolution weathering database was used together with estimates of total deposition, losses through harvest and leaching. Estimates were made for pine and spruce separately and for two harvesting intensity scenarios: stem harvesting and whole-tree harvesting. The mass balance calculations showed net losses of Ca and Mg in almost the whole country for both scenarios. The losses were smaller for pine than for spruce. The K balances were mainly positive for pine but negative for spruce. Leaching was a main factor in the mass balances, especially for Ca and Mg. Whole-tree harvesting in spruce forests led to substantially higher net losses of K and Ca than stem harvesting, according to the calculations. In the whole-tree harvesting scenario in spruce forests the estimated yearly net losses of Ca, Mg and K corresponded to at least 5%, 8% and 3% of the pools of exchangeable base cations, respectively, at 25% of the analysed sites. If losses of this magnitude continue the depletion of the pools of Ca, Mg and K may lead to very low base saturation of the soils, possibly accompanied by negative effects on soil fertility, runoff water quality, tree vitality and tree growth within a forest rotation in parts of Sweden. Avoiding whole-tree harvesting can improve the situation substantially for K, but the losses of Ca and Mg will still be significant.     

食物废弃物基吸附剂对水中重金属的吸附

研究用食物废弃物制得的吸附剂(FRA)对水中多种重金属的吸附,并研究酒石酸钾钠对FRA吸附重金属的影响,探讨影响的机理。结果表明,两种重金属离子共存体系中重金属离子的竞争吸附系数相当,均在0.46~0.54之间。增加共存重金属种类减弱FRA对重金属的吸附效果。初始浓度较低时,竞争吸附对FRA吸附量的影响较小。较低p H值时酒石酸钾钠的浓度对重金属Cu~(2+),Zn~(2+)及Cd~(2+)的吸附去除效果影响更大。FRA对Cu~(2+),Zn~(2+),Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附符合Langmuir等温式。     

地面抽采煤层气环境影响和管理对策探讨

随着我国一系列鼓励煤层气开发政策、规划的实施,区域煤层气规模化和商业化开发将逐步展开.煤层气开发环境问题与常规天然气相比有其特殊性,主要表现为井网密度大、疏水降压排采和加压集输引发的特殊环境问题.井网密度大则对地表生态环境的影响大;煤层排水是煤层气开发区别于常规油气资源开发最主要的环境问题;加压集输和井网密度大增加动力设备,影响声环境质量和生态环境质量等.针对煤层气开发环境问题的特殊性,提出煤层气开发应以水平井为主减少地表扰动.不同水文地质条件煤层排水水质不同,我国为缺水国家,煤层排水如果为淡水,应考虑综合利用;如果为高矿化度水应考虑适当处理回注地下.     

过硫酸钾氧化法测总氮的改进方法探讨

对过硫酸钾氧化法测总氮应该注意的问题进行了实验研究,得出结论：为了控制精度最好使用无氨水和蒸馏水,过硫酸钾使用前应该进行2次重结晶,氢氧化钠溶液的浓度应该控制在12g/L左右,测定样品置于灭菌器中必须保证压力达到0.1～0.4MPa,消解温度控制在126℃～127℃为宜,消解时间应该≮50min。     

辽东典型区域生态环境变化遥感分析

针对东北老工业基地辽东地区突出的生态环境问题,选择本溪歪头山—溪湖典型生态环境严重破坏地区,开展辽东典型区域生态环境变化遥感监测分析。     

水面溢油污染的多角度多波段偏振特性研究

水面溢油在反射光波的过程中,将表现出与自身性质密切相关的特征偏振。因此,对水面溢油的多角度多波段偏振探测成为水体污染遥感监测的一种新手段。本文以汽油、柴油、摩托车机油和大豆油作为水面油污实验样品,应用多角度光谱偏振测量仪实测了不同溢油污染水体的多角度多波段偏振特性数据,探讨了不同溢油污染水体的偏振特性与观测方位角、光源入射角、观测天顶角以及探测波段等影响因素的变化规律,以便为水面溢油污染偏振遥感的研究提供科学依据。     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

阳澄湖水体PI、BOD5与TOC的相关性

采集阳澄湖中湖网围养殖区的下层水样,测定高锰酸指数(PI)、生化需氧量(BOD5)及总有机碳含量(TOC)等水质检测指标,对TOC分别与PI、BOD5的相关性进行分析;并用BOD5/TOC比值作为废水可生化性判定指标,对阳澄湖中湖的水质污染有机物状况进行综合评价.结果显示,阳澄湖水体的TOC与PI、BOD5存在显著的相...     

高锰酸钾—粉状活性炭在煤矿生活污水深度处理中的强化作用

采用混凝沉淀工艺深度处理某煤矿生活污水二级生化出水,考察了高锰酸钾氧化、粉状活性炭吸附对混凝沉淀的强化作用。结果表明：单独投加高锰酸钾或粉状活性炭均能起到强化去除污染物的作用,最佳加药量分别为4 mg/L和15 mg/L时,两者对CODcr的去除率分别提高了11.4%和8.0%,对SS的去除率分别提高了10.6%和13.5%。高锰酸钾氧化与粉状活性炭吸附两者联用具有协同作用,处理效果优于单独投加高锰酸钾或粉状活性炭,其对CODcr的去除率提高了19.0%、对SS的去除率提高了22.4%。