Determination of the optimum MM5 configuration for long term CMAQ simulations of aerosol bound pollutants in Europe

Realistic meteorological fields are a prerequisite for the determination of pollutant concentrations and depositions by means of a chemistry transport model. Different configurations of the 5th generation NCAR/Penn State University mesoscale meteorological model MM5 were tested to determine the optimum set up for long term hindcasts that cover several months up to years. Four dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) significantly enhances the spatio temporal representation of temperature, humidity and wind. Best agreement with radiosonde observations could be achieved when temperature, humidity and wind were grid nudged every 6 h. The quality of the resulting meteorological fields showed no significant systematic temporal or spatial variation over Europe in a model run of the year 2000. It was found that the hydrological cycle was not correctly reproduced by the model when no nudging was applied. The relevant model run showed too high relative humidity and too high rainfall when compared to observations. This led to considerably lower aerosol concentrations close to ground and a shift in the deposition patterns of particle bound pollutants like the carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P). Guest Editor: Dr. S. T. Rao.     

邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基）己酯对斜生栅藻的生态毒性作用

为了研究邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)对水生藻类的生态毒性作用,以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)为受试对象,设置5个DEHP浓度梯度(5、10、20、40、80mg·L-1)和1个对照组,实验周期为96h,以藻细胞数量和光合色素含量为测试指标,检测了DEHP对斜生栅藻生长的影响.结果表明,DEHP对斜生栅藻生长和色素含量具有一定的影响:暴露96h后,各DEHP暴露组斜生栅藻生物量(藻细胞数)与对照组均有显著差异(p<0.05),且随DEHP暴露浓度的升高,生物量逐渐降低;各DEHP暴露组叶绿素a、b含量均显著低于对照(p<0.05),在较低DEHP浓度(5、10mg·L-1)下,叶绿素a、b含量略呈上升趋势,较高DEHP浓度(≥40mg·L-1)下,则呈下降趋势;DEHP暴露对类胡萝卜素含量影响不大,除80mg·L-1组显著降低(p<0.05)外各实验组差异不大(p>0.05).     

车用LNG气瓶的定期检验技术

针对车用液化天然气（LNG）气瓶定期检验的特殊要求,制定出定期检验项目及相应的检验方法。重点对车LNG气瓶静态蒸发率的测试方法进行研究,并给出评判标准。研究成果为车用LNG气瓶的安全应用提供保障,为车用LNG气瓶定期检验标准的制定提供理论依据。     

中国湖库洪水调蓄功能评价

湖泊是抵御湖区水系洪水灾害的天然屏障,而水库是现代防洪工程体系的重要组成部分,两者共同肩负我国防洪减灾的重任。为探明我国湖、库洪水调蓄功能状况,分析区域防洪需求进而提出对策建议,论文以湖泊可调蓄水量和水库防洪库容为评价指标,基于可调蓄水量与湖面面积以及防洪库容与总库容的数量关系构建模型,分别对我国湖泊和水库的洪水调蓄能力进行了初步评估。结果表明,我国湖泊可调蓄水量和水库防洪库容分别为1 475.47×10⁸和2 506.85×10⁸ m³,湖库洪水调蓄功能总量为3 982.33×10⁸ m³。从空间分布来看,湖泊调蓄能力以西藏、青海、江苏等省以及西北诸河、长江、淮河等流域较强;水库调蓄能力以湖北、广东、湖南等省以及长江、珠江、黄河等流域较强;湖库综合调蓄能力则以西藏、湖北、青海、江苏、湖南等省以及长江、西北诸河等流域较强。从防洪需求来看,珠江、长江、海河、淮河等流域湖库调蓄能力与设计洪量的比值较小,防洪压力较大。针对珠江流域和海河流域,建议通过兴建水库等工程建设提高流域防洪能力;针对长江流域和淮河流域,可结合退田还湖和水库建设提高湖库综合调洪能力。研究结果可为我国防洪建设和洪水管理提供科学指导。     

三峡大宁河水体光学特征及其对藻类生物量的影响

基于2012-04-27—2013-01-19大宁河不同水文期的监测数据,确定大宁河水体光学特性的季节变化特征,并探究其对藻类生物量的影响. 结果表明:①不同水文期大宁河的D_eu(真光层深度)差异显著(P＜0.01),最高值出现在高水位运行期,为(5.22±2.70)～(8.71±5.20)m;最低值出现在汛限期,为(3.22±0.08)～(3.81±0.14)m. ②回归分析结果表明,ρ(SS)能较好地反演真光层深度的时空变化规律,而ρ(Chla)的解释度不高,仅用ρ(SS)即可有效地反推真光层深度. ③利用局部多项式回归拟合大宁河E_t(总能量密度)和浮游生物量的回归模型,结果表明,在100t≤300时,藻类生物量随着E_t的增加而增大;E_t>300时则出现“光抑制”现象,藻类生物量随着E_t的增加而减少,基本符合藻类生物量随光辐射强度而改变的响应机制.      

氮磷限制条件下螺旋鱼腥藻产生土嗅素特征研究

采用批量培养的方法研究了螺旋鱼腥藻在氮限制和磷限制条件下生长与土嗅素的产生特征.在磷限制条件下螺旋鱼腥藻的生长速率降低,不易生成异形胞;而在氮限制下鱼腥藻生长良好,并生成异形胞,异形胞形成的比例为3.5%~4.4%.在磷限制和氮限制条件下,单位细胞土嗅素的浓度在培养的前20d内都处于急速下降的趋势,之后开始趋于平缓,分别维持在3.18×10-5,3.68×10-5ng/cell左右.氮限制条件下螺旋鱼腥藻单位细胞土嗅素的生成量略高于磷限制条件下.氮限制条件下,螺旋鱼腥藻单位细胞叶绿素a的生成量高于磷限制条件下.螺旋鱼腥藻单位细胞产生的土嗅素与叶绿素a的质量比(geosmin/Chl a)在磷限制条件下要高于氮限制条件下.     

苯并[a]芘和9,10-二甲基蒽对皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis dis-cus hannai)早期发育的毒性研究

为探究海洋中多环芳烃(PAHs)对海洋生物的毒性作用,以皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)为受试生物,采用半静水式实验方式,探讨了2种多环芳烃苯并[a]芘和9,10-二甲基蒽对皱纹盘鲍早期发育的毒性效应。在不同浓度的苯并[a]芘和9,10-二甲基蒽作用下,观察皱纹盘鲍的卵子受精率、胚胎发育时间和幼体死亡率。结果表明,高浓度的多环芳烃处理组与对照组相比,卵子的受精率显著降低,胚胎发育时间和幼体死亡率显著增加,与处理浓度之间存在显著的剂量-效应关系(P<0.05)。3～12 d中,苯并[a]芘对皱纹盘鲍幼体的LC_(10)分别为11.6、8.18、7.67和7.66 mg·L~(-1),9,10-二甲基蒽对皱纹盘鲍幼体的LC10分别为14.91、14.11、12.82和9.64 mg·L~(-1)。苯并[a]芘毒性大于9,10-二甲基蒽。     

Harnessing the potential of integrated systematics for conservation of taxonomically complex,megadiverse plant groups

The value of natural history collections for conservation science research is increasingly recognized, despite their well-documented limitations in terms of taxonomic, geographic, and temporal coverage. Specimen-based analyses are particularly important for tropical plant groups for which field observations are scarce and potentially unreliable due to high levels of diversity-amplifying identification challenges. Specimen databases curated by specialists are rich sources of authoritatively identified, georeferenced occurrence data, and such data are urgently needed for large genera. We compared entries in a monographic database for the large Neotropical genus Myrcia in 2007 and 2017. We classified and quantified differences in specimen records over this decade and determined the potential impact of these changes on conservation assessments. We distinguished misidentifications from changes due to taxonomic remodeling and considered the effects of adding specimens and georeferences. We calculated the potential impact of each change on estimates of extent of occurrence (EOO), the most frequently used metric in extinction-risk assessments of tropical plants. We examined whether particular specimen changes were associated with species for which changes in EOO over the decade were large enough to change their conservation category. Corrections to specimens previously misidentified or lacking georeferences were overrepresented in such species, whereas changes associated with taxonomic remodeling (lumping and splitting) were underrepresented. Among species present in both years, transitions to less threatened status outnumbered those to more threatened (8% vs 3%, respectively). Species previously deemed data deficient transitioned to threatened status more often than to not threatened (10% vs 7%, respectively). Conservation scientists risk reaching unreliable conclusions if they use specimen databases that are not actively curated to reflect changing knowledge.     

Relating characteristics of global biodiversity targets to reported progress

To inform governmental discussions on the nature of a revised Strategic Plan for Biodiversity of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), we reviewed the relevant literature and assessed the framing of the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets in the current strategic plan. We asked international experts from nongovernmental organizations, academia, government agencies, international organizations, research institutes, and the CBD to score the Aichi Targets and their constituent elements against a set of specific, measurable, ambitious, realistic, unambiguous, scalable, and comprehensive criteria (SMART based, excluding time bound because all targets are bound to 2015 or 2020). We then investigated the relationship between these expert scores and reported progress toward the target elements by using the findings from 2 global progress assessments (Global Biodiversity Outlook and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services). We analyzed the data with ordinal logistic regressions. We found significant positive relationships (p < 0.05) between progress and the extent to which the target elements were perceived to be measurable, realistic, unambiguous, and scalable. There was some evidence of a relationship between progress and specificity of the target elements, but no relationship between progress and ambition. We are the first to show associations between progress and the extent to which the Aichi Targets meet certain SMART criteria. As negotiations around the post-2020 biodiversity framework proceed, decision makers should strive to ensure that new or revised targets are effectively structured and clearly worded to allow the translation of targets into actionable policies that can be successfully implemented nationally, regionally, and globally.     

Lessons from seabird conservation in Alaskan longline fisheries

Although bycatch of seabirds and other long-lived species is a critical conservation issue in world fisheries, case studies documenting significant reductions in the mortality of these low-productivity species in a fishery are rare. We studied progress toward seabird conservation in the Alaskan longline fisheries, one of the largest and most diverse demersal fisheries. We generated annual seabird bycatch rates in 4 target fisheries and all fisheries combined from 23 years of fisheries observer data. We used 0-inflated negative binomial models to evaluate variables influencing seabird bycatch per unit effort (BPUE) in 2 target fisheries. Following adoption of streamer lines, at first voluntarily and then mandatorily, seabird BPUE was reduced by 77–90%, preventing mortality of thousands of birds per year. Despite this, BPUE increased significantly in 2 of 4 target fisheries since streamer lines were adopted. Although night setting yielded significant reductions (74–97%) in seabird BPUE and significant increases (7–11%) in fish catch per unit effort over daytime setting, nighttime setting increased the BPUE of Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) by 40% and nontarget fish species by 5–17%. Thus, best practices to prevent seabird mortalities in longline fisheries varied by species assemblage and fishery. Our results inform global efforts toward fisheries bycatch reduction by illustrating that successful conservation requires fishery-specific solutions, strong industry support, constant vigilance in analysis and reporting observer data, and ongoing outreach to fleets, especially to vessels with anomalously high BPUE.