Institutions, Forest Management, and Sustainable Human Development – Experiences from India

New institutional economists have argued that there are many categories of institutions, including market and non-market institutions, which may prove economically efficient, specifically for public goods and common pool goods. The Government of India introduced a non-market community-based institution, known as Joint Forest Management (JFM), for forest management and protection in 1990. JFM is a sharing mechanism for forest planning and management based on sharing of rights and duties, control and decision-making authority over forestlands, between forest departments and local user groups. By 2001, 42 000 Village Forest Committees established under JFM were managing over 11.5 million ha forestland. These institutions have proved very useful, and have contributed to forest management as well as four aspects of sustainable human development (SHD) – ecological output, income generation, village infrastructure development, and community empowerment. In the long-term, community-based institutions will prove to be a foundation of SHD and participatory democracy.     

超限结构无缝法施工在污水处理工程中的应用

介绍了一种在超限混凝土结构中取消伸缩缝或增大伸缩缝最大间距的新型施工方法——超限混凝土结构无缝法施工。论述无缝法施工的原理及膨胀加强带的设置,探讨UEA膨胀混凝土的配制,在实践的基础上总结了无缝法施工的方法、注意事项及优点。     

普光高含硫气田企地三级应急联动模式研究和运用

普光气田属于高含硫气田,一旦发生事故对周边危害极大,该域地形复杂,山高路险,道路狭窄,人口密集,不利于疏散,普光应急管理模式面临挑战.为了解决这一难题,普光气田采用企地三级应急联动模式,旨在紧密联系企业和地方的应急疏散管理,明确应急疏散领导小组及职责,规定居民疏散信号、路线和安全集合点.通过培训与演练,本方案能够提高企地协同作战的应急疏散能力,最大限度地减少事件造成的人员伤亡、财产损失和社会危害.     

综合拉底、扩漏和出矿全过程的底部结构安全性颗粒流模拟技术研究

为探明自然崩落法从拉底崩落至出矿全过程中底部结构节理连续扩展过程与破坏过程规律，采用PFC2D软件，结合RocLab软件反演节理岩体参数，建立229 m×129 m的岩体扩大模型，对拉底崩落至出矿过程进行连续综合计算。研究结果表明:模拟结果及破坏现象与现场监测结果相近，建模与细观参数反演方法适用于该类岩体工程研究；裂纹扩展贯通导致岩体失稳破坏，破坏过程与裂纹扩展具有相对应的阶段特征，裂纹扩展分为崩落前稳定扩展期，崩落与聚矿槽开挖过程加速扩展期和后续持续扩展期；结构破坏分为蕴育过程，扰动失稳过程和宏观破坏过程；较大范围的宏观破坏主要在出矿阶段。该模拟方法与结果可为底部结构维护以及节理岩体长期稳定性研究提供参考。     

硝基芳烃对虹鳉鱼(Poecilia reticulata)的毒性

主要研究了2,6-二硝基甲苯(2,6-DNT)和4-硝基甲苯(4-NT)两种硝基芳烃对虹鳉鱼的急性毒性、亚急性毒性及联合毒性效应,旨在为渔业水质标准的制定与完善提供可靠的科学依据。研究表明,2,6-DNT的急性毒性大于4-NT,二者的96 h LC50值分别为(25.22±0.19)mg/L和(60.26±0.09)mg/L;亚急性毒性研究中,两种化合物的各种质量浓度在40天内,对试验动物的生长有不同程度的影响;应用Marking相加指数法评价二者的联合毒性,结果表明其联合毒性为协同。     

等浓度配比法研究苯酚、硝基苯和问硝基苯胺对发光菌的联合毒性作用

分别测定了苯酚、硝基苯和间硝基苯胺对发光菌的单一毒性，以及等浓度配比和等毒性配比的二元及三元混合体系的联合毒性，采用相加指数法对其联合效应进行了评价。结果表明，等浓度比和等毒性比混合体系的联合作用结果一致：苯酚＋间硝基苯胺二元体系为协同作用，其他各体系为相加作用。为简化联合毒性实验方法，建议在研究相关系列化合物的联合毒性作用机制中，可采用等浓度配比方法。     

The SeKT joint research project: definition of reference conditions, control sediments and toxicity thresholds for limnic sediment contact tests

- In current biotest approaches, intact organisms or in vitro systems are exposed to sediments using different exposure scenarios. The most important issue in sediment toxicity testing protocols is the question which test phase (solid or liquid) should be used. Whole-sediment exposure protocols represent the most realistic scenario to simulate in situ exposure conditions in the laboratory. However, until now there is no agreement in how to acquire and to evaluate the data of the various available sediment contact assays. The SeKT joint research project was initiated with the aim to compare recently developed sediment contact assays by addressing reference conditions, control sediments and toxicity thresholds for limnic sediment contact tests.     

利用Google Earth研究构造对喀斯特地貌的控制和对碳酸盐岩岩系风化成土的影响

通过互联网Google Earth欧洲卫星图像资料的观察,发现贵州喀斯特地区碳酸盐岩风化成土能力与地层岩性、构造和地貌等密切相关。二叠系生物礁石漠化显著,成土能力差;三叠系大冶组薄层灰岩成土能力高,很少有石漠化;地层倾角大的碳酸盐岩区,石漠化不显著;地层平缓的碳酸盐岩区,石漠化强或中等,碳酸盐岩风化成土能力中等。另外,大型节理带对碳酸盐岩风化成土具有明显的控制作用,节理带碳酸盐岩溶蚀相对强烈,常形成低洼地形,碳酸盐岩风化成土速率较高,红粘土堆积相对厚,不容易石漠化;而节理带间的区域往往地形较高,是石漠化易发育的区域。     

Ecotoxicological effects of polycyclic musks and cadmium on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Single and joint toxic e ects of polycyclic musks including 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2- benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene (AHTN) and cadmium (Cd) on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were investigated. The results showed that the toxicity sequence of HHCB toxic to wheat seed germination and seedling growth was similar to that of AHTN, that is, germination rate > shoot elongation > root elongation, while the toxicity of Cd was in the sequence of root elongation > shoot elongation > germination rate, according to the LC50 and EC50 values. It is suggested that polycyclic musks and Cd had di erent toxicological mechanisms. Root and shoot elongation of wheat might be good bioindicators for the contamination of polycyclic musks and Cd in soil. The mixture of polycyclic musks and Cd had synergistic e ects on T. aestivum according to the equi-toxic mixture approach when root elongation was selected as the toxicological endpoint. Thus, the joint toxicity of HHCB and Cd was significantly higher than the single toxicity of HHCB or Cd, which was also confirmed by the EC50 mix value of the mixture (EC50 mix = 0.530 TUmix). The EC50 mix value of the mixture of AHTN and Cd was 0.614 TUmix, which indicated that the mixture toxicity was strengthened when AHTN coexisted with Cd.     

3,4-二氯苯胺与取代芳烃联合毒性的定量构效关系研究

采用细菌生长抑制实验测定了取代芳烃及其混合物对长江水中混合细菌的急性毒性,得到17种单一化合物的半数抑制浓度(IC50)及22组混合物的半数抑制浓度(IC50mix).采用毒性单位法和混合毒性指数法对联合毒性效应进行了定性评价,3,4-二氯苯胺与胺类化合物的联合效应以简单相加或部分相加作用为主,而3,4-二氯苯胺与酚类化合物的联合效应则多表现为协同作用.以化合物的辛醇/水分配系数(lgP)和分子最低空轨道能(ELUMO)为结构描述符,分别建立了单一毒性和联合毒性的定量构效关系(QSAR)模型.所得模型对极性麻醉型化合物和反应性化合物的毒性都具有较强的预测能力,不仅能预测3,4-二氯苯胺与取代芳烃不同配比的二元混合物的联合毒性,也能预测三元和四元混合物的联合毒性.