化学强化一级处理-人工湿地处理生活污水效果

为解决传统的污水二级生化处理工艺运行成本较高问题并满足日趋增长的小城镇污水处理实际需要,开展了粉煤灰基混凝剂化学强化一级处理—潜流式人工湿地(CEPT-SFCW)系统处理生活污水的实验研究。结果表明,在人工湿地负荷率为0.05～0.1m3/(m·2d)的条件下,CEPT-SFCW系统对COD的去除率>85%。同时,CEPT-SFCW系统对总磷的去除率很高,虽然在进水含磷量低时人工湿地会发生磷释放的现象,出水中磷浓度仍可达到GB8978-1996中的二级排放标准。该系统对氨氮去除效率较低,最高可达到10%,去除效果与植物的生长状态有关。     

Predictors of health care provider anticipatory guidance provision for older drivers

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of health care provider (HCP) driving safety/cessation-related anticipatory guidance provision and predictors of driving safety-related anticipatory guidance provision by HCPs.

Methods: HCPs in several central/upper Midwest states were surveyed about frequency of anticipatory guidance provision (n = 265).

Results: More than half of HCPs stated that they frequently or always provide driving safety/cessation-related anticipatory guidance to patients aged 85 or older, 38.7% provided this guidance to patients aged 75 to 84, and 13.7% to patients aged 65 to 74. Predictors of driving safety/cessation-related anticipatory guidance provision differed by patient age. For patients aged 65–74, HCP personal experience with a motor vehicle crash (either the HCP themselves or a friend/family member) was significant in predicting anticipatory guidance provision. However, for patients aged 75 and older, significant predictors included HCP rural practice, HCP age, and percentage of HCP patients who were older adults.

Conclusion: HCP counseling provision related to driving issues differs by patient age and several HCP characteristics, including HCP rurality, age, and personal experience with motor vehicle crashes. Because aging results in physical and mental changes that affect driving and can be identified by HCPs, HCPs are in a position to counsel patients on the potential impacts of aging on the act of driving. Future research should examine the reasons for the differences in anticipatory guidance provision found in this study.     

生活污水混凝处理试验研究

通过混凝实验,比较了明矾、碱式氯化铝、聚合铝、聚铁以及硫酸铁5种混凝剂强化处理生活污水的效果,并分析了pH对COD、总磷去除率的影响。铝系混凝剂处理效果好于铁系混凝剂。     

基于秸秆后发酵产沼气的一次发酵时间优化

采用"一次发酵+NaOH处理+二次发酵"工艺,以稻秸为原料,研究一次发酵时间对稻秸沼气发酵的影响.结果表明,一次发酵后的稻秸仍有一定的产气能力,干物质(TS)产气量为28.11～50.73mL/g TS,产气量大小与一次发酵时间成反比;一次发酵后的稻秸经NaOH处理后,稻秸物质结构受到明显破坏,有机物大量溶出,稻秸浸提...     

我国原铝冶炼行业温室气体排放模型

我国原铝冶炼行业产业集中度较低,生产水平参差不齐,随着国内原铝产量不断增加,原铝行业碳排放及其计算方法备受关注. 针对我国原铝冶炼过程原料类型、能源结构复杂的特点,对国内外已有碳排放核算框架进行细化,从物料、工序、工艺3个层面构建了复杂的原铝冶炼系统温室气体排放计算模型. 在广泛文献调研的基础上,选取典型原铝冶炼企业开展现场调研及专家咨询,进而形成模型的基础数据库. 利用上述模型对我国2011年原铝冶炼过程碳排放进行核算. 结果表明:综合考虑氧化铝生产工艺结构、电解铝行业分布区域的电网能源结构,我国原铝冶炼系统CO₂排放因子(以铝锭计)为14.70t/t. 电解铝生产过程电耗相关排放占70%,南方电网区域电解铝生产电耗相关CO₂排放分别比华中、华北地区低13%、30%. 原铝冶炼行业可通过优先选用碳排放因子较低的物料、淘汰落后氧化铝工艺、开发引进低温低电压工艺技术等手段,进一步实现物料、工序及工艺的多层次温室气体减排.      

Polychlorinated dibenzo p-dioxins and dibenzofurans emissions in a primary copper smelter in China

Metallurgical production is the largest polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) emission source in China. However, PCDD/F monitoring and research are rarely conducted on primary metallurgical production. In this study, a demonstration primary copper smelter in China was selected to investigate PCDD/F characteristics and control. Samples were collected from major PCDD/F release points in the smelter process (fly ashes and waste water sludge). Specific analysis of PCDD/F congeners was carried out using a high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry method. The results showed that PCDD/Fs might be unintentionally produced in the primary copper smelter processes, with sample concentrations of 180–6110 pg/g dry wt; highly chlorinated PCDD/F homologues were predominant. The toxicity of all the samples was calculated to be 120 pg WHO TEQ/g, fly ashes from the refining process furnaces air pollution control device and sludge were hazardous waste with higher PCDD/F toxicity. Both precursor formation and de novo synthesis were found to contribute to PCDD/F formation in the smelter process. PCDD/F characteristics and formation were compared with reported secondary copper smelters. Life-cycle control of PCDD/F was proposed for retrofitting of this smelter and for similar plants in China's primary copper production sector, including control at the PCDD/F formation, removal and disposal stages.     

Natural and Anthropogenic Effects On Phytoplankton Primary Productivity in Mangroves

Abstract

Spatial and temporal variations and the factors influencing primary production have been studied in three different mangrove waters (Pichavaram, Ennore Creek and Adyar Estuary) of South India characterised by different anthropogenic impacts. the gross primary productivity in the unpolluted Pichavaram mangrove was 113 g Cm^?2yr^?1 exhibiting natural variability with the environmental forcing factors. Human activities have elevated primary productivity in the Ennore Creek mangrove (157g Cm^?2yr^?1) primarily through the direct discharge of fertilizer effluents. By contrast, a combination of domestic and industrial effluent discharges into the Adyar Estuary mangrove has considerably reduced phytoplankton primary productivity 83g Cm^?2yr^?1 the Redfield N: P ratio varies from 0.96 N: 1P at Ennore Creek, 1.75N: 1P at Adyar Estuary to 15.2 N: 1P at Pichavaram mangroves. This suggests that the Pichavaram mangroves represent a well equilibrated ecosystem with N: P ratio close to steady-state values in contrast to the anthropogenically altered mangrove ecosystems studied. Results show a significant temporal variability in nutrient concentration in the three mangrove areas. Distinct differences in nutrient concentrations between the dry and the wet seasons have been observed.     

草地退化对三江源区高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量的影响及其原因

为了揭示草地退化对三江源地区高寒草甸生态系统碳通量的影响,利用涡度相关技术,于2006年12月1日~2007年11月30日对三江源地区的退化高寒草甸生态系统的碳通量及生物和环境因子进行观测.结果发现:草地退化对高寒草甸生态系统的碳通量产生了深刻影响,与未退化的高寒草甸生态系统相比,退化高寒草甸生态系统全年总初级生产力(GPP)下降了36.6%,全年生态系统呼吸(Reco)下降了7.9%,全年净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)也由退化前的负值(碳吸收)转变为正值(碳排放),二者相差132.5gC/(m2·a),生态系统由原来的碳汇转变为目前的碳源.这些变化与高寒草甸退化后,生态系统植物地上生物量锐减、植物生长期缩短(NEE<0的天数)、植物多样性下降、土壤含水量降低等因素密切相关.     

近3年西双版纳州勐腊县大气污染基本特征及污染原因分析

对西双版纳州生态环境局勐腊分局2017年8月-2020年8月逐日空气质量数据的分析表明,2-4月是勐腊县空气质量指数（Air Quality Index,AQI）频繁达到二级及以上的时段,空气质量分指数（Individual Air Quality Index,IAQI）能够达到二级及以上标准的污染物为PM_2.5、PM₁₀、O₃、SO₂中的一种或几种,PM_2.5、PM₁₀污染较为严重,PM_2.5对空气质量的影响最大,可使空气质量达到重度污染,混合污染出现比例远大于单一污染.2019、2020年3-4月勐腊县轻度及以上连续污染日数超过5 d的5次过程中,4次污染过程的主要潜在源区在勐腊上风方向老挝西北部及泰国与其相邻的区域,权重潜在源贡献因子（Weight Potential Source Contribution Function,WPSCF）大于0.6的区域与同年3、4月泰国西北部、老挝西北部的火点密集区有较好的对应关系,4次污染过程与老挝西北部及泰国与其相邻区域的生物质燃烧关系密切;1次污染过程的主要潜在源区主要在当地,当地建筑施工、交通运输、生物质燃烧和餐饮行业细颗粒物的排放会导致勐腊县空气质量出现明显下降.为验证勐腊县连续污染过程受到了周边国家烧荒的影响,利用逐日气溶胶光学厚度（Aerosol Optical Thickness,AOT）对2020年3月23-4月9日的污染过程进行了个例分析,发现AOT大值区位于勐腊上风方向,高浓度污染物持续稳定地向勐腊传输导致勐腊出现持续重污染.     

武汉月湖水体主要元素与浮游植物的PCA与CCA分析

通过2007年1—12月对武汉月湖不同的取样点进行监测,并选择汉江琴台段水域作为研究对照,调查了月湖水体硅藻、蓝藻与水体主要元素的种类,采用PCA、CCA分析法探讨了月湖水体硅藻、蓝藻与水体元素种类的关系。结果表明：月湖水体中所含元素全年监测出28种;汉江琴台段水域中所含元素全年监测出27种。经PCA分析表明,月湖水体中累计贡献率较大为磷（P）、砷（As）、铁（Fe）、铜（Cu）、锰（Mn）;汉江琴台段水域累计贡献率较大为硅（Si）、锑（Sb）、镉（cd）、钒（V）、钡（Ba）、Ag（银）、钼（Mo）。月湖水体中蓝藻密度大于硅藻,汉江琴台段水域硅藻密度大于蓝藻。经CCA分析表明,月湖硅藻密度与硒（Se）、锶（sr）、银（Ag）、Ba、铝（A1）呈正相关关系;月湖蓝藻密度与P、Cu、铬（Cr）呈正相关关系,月湖蓝藻密度与镁（Mg）、镍（Ni）、钙（ca）、锌（zn）、硫（S）呈负相关关系。CCA分析中,汉江琴台段硅藻密度与铅（Pb）、硼（B）、As、Cr、Zn、A1、Cu、Mn、Fe、P呈负相关关系,汉江琴台段硅藻密度与Mo、ca、钴（Co）、V、Sr、Ag呈正相关关系;汉江琴台段蓝藻密度与钠（Na）、S、Mg、Ni、钾（K）呈负相关关系。月湖水体缺乏可溶硅（dissolvedsilicon,DSi）,硅藻会提升对其他元素（Se、Sr、Ag、Ba、A1）的吸收能力,这些元素会起到缺乏元素（si）近似的作用,替代性可能出现。水中各种元素的组态是导致月湖浮游植物群落发生演变的重要原因之一。