重点煤电基地大气污染物扩散对京津冀的影响

基于排放源清单,采用空气质量模式CAMx模拟现状情景下,鄂尔多斯、宁东与锡林格勒排放污染物扩散对京津冀地区的影响.结合3地区已批复环境影响报告、规划环评与战略环评等污染物排放数据,估算未来情景下3地区能源基地污染物排放对京津冀的影响.结果表明：现状情景下,3地区排放的PM_2.5、SO₂与NO_x对京津冀的贡献浓度范围分别为0.079~1.134,0.012~0.633,0.008~0.852μg/m³,冬季对京津冀地区的影响要高于夏季,对京津冀地区冬季的平均贡献浓度值为0.710,0.339与0.413μg/m³,影响较大的京津冀城市为衡水市、石家庄市、邢台市、邯郸市与保定市;未来情景下3地区能源基地排放的PM_2.5、SO₂与NO_x对京津冀城市浓度贡献范围分别为0.049~0.773,0.003~0.176,0.008~0.731μg/m³,冬季平均贡献浓度值为0.475,0.096与0.357μg/m³.     

不同工况下轻型车油耗试验驾驶方式评价

在一台性能稳定的汽油车上由同一驾驶人员按平顺、粗暴和正常3种驾驶方式分别进行NEDC （新欧洲行驶工况）、FTP75（美国认证工况）以及WLTC （世界统一轻型车测试循环）工况油耗试验,采用能量变化率（ER）、距离变化率（DR）、能量经济性变化率（EER）、绝对速度改变率（ASCR）、速度平方根误差（RMSSE）以及惯性做功改变率（IWR）6个指标作为驾驶质量评价指标,通过分析计算每次试验各项评价指标及其与燃料消耗量变化的相关性,确定了油耗试验驾驶方式的合理性边界条件.结果表明,对于WLTC和FTP75工况,平顺驾驶和粗暴驾驶均会导致评价指标变大或者变小,驾驶方式与评价指标呈规律性变化;对于NEDC工况,不同的驾驶方式对NEDC工况油耗影响较小.油耗试验的边界条件,WLTC工况的EER为（0.25±0.47）%、ASCR为（1.20±0.97）%、RMSSE为（0.85+0.15）km/h、IWR为（2.15±1.27）%时,可认为油耗试验的驾驶方式较为合理;FTP75工况的EER为（-0.09±0.69）%、ASCR为（-0.59±0.42）%、RMSSE为（0.88+0.34）km/h以及IWR为（-0.69±1.66）%时,油耗试验的驾驶方式较为合理.     

FPSO工艺水舱阳极快速消耗原因分析

目的 研究FPSO工艺水舱中铝牺牲阳极消耗过快的原因。方法 参照GB 17848—1999牺牲阳极电化学性能试验方法,对比水舱环境与普通环境下,在役阳极的电化学性能数据,并模拟水舱环境,监测阳极工作时实际的发生电流与工作电位等情况,据此分析牺牲阳极在工艺水舱中消耗过快的原因。结果 在常温（25 ℃）、常温充空气、高温（65 ℃）充空气等条件下,阳极的电化学容量分别是2522.07、2464.29、1943.74 Ah/kg,且高温（65 ℃）充空气环境下阳极的晶间腐蚀较其他两组试验严重许多,说明温度是影响阳极电化学容量的关键因素。在模拟工艺水舱环境下,实测的阳极发生电流最高可达100 mA。将工艺水与海水1:5稀释后,实测的保护电流密度最高达45 mA,说明工艺水中存在大量的去极化剂,是造成阳极快速消耗的又一重要因素。结论 工艺水舱环境下,阳极发生严重的晶间腐蚀,严重影响了阳极的电化学容量,使阳极寿命缩短。工艺水成分中含大量去极化剂,使船舱所需的保护电流密度大大增加,促使阳极发生电流加大,亦缩短了阳极的实际服役寿命。     

清洁生产对加氢精制装置减污增效的重要作用

介绍清洁生产在长岭分公司加氢精制装置推行的背景、实施的主要方案、效果及持续清洁生产情况。     

Epiphytic Lichens and Tree Leaves As Biomonitors of Trace Elements Released By Geothermal Power Plants

Leaves of the oak, Quercus cerris, and thalli of the epiphytic lichen, Parmelia caperata, from the Travale-Radicondoli geothermal area (central Italy) were analyzed for their trace elements (As, B, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn). the results showed that concentrations of arsenic and boron in leaf and lichen samples were higher than in remote areas. the mean concentrations of many trace elements were higher in lichens than in oak leaves, suggesting that these organisms can be used in similar biomonitoring studies. the levels of boron and manganese were higher in tree leaves, so that for these two elements, the higher plant foliage could constitute a better biomonitor than lichens. the correlations found between the concentrations of cadmium and manganese in leaves and lichens suggests foliar leaching and washing of the elements down the tree trunk, where lichens may intercept them.     

Production, Consumption and the World Summit on Sustainable Development

At the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), world leaders agreed that eliminating unsustainable production and consumption is one of the three overriding objectives of sustainable development. Achieving that objective should have been a major priority for the WSSD Plan of Implementation. Increases in consumption and production over the past decade were largely responsible for the worsening environmental and social trends. Unfortunately, the negotiators of the Plan paid insufficient attention to the lessons from 10 years of discussions about the concepts, the available policies and tools and their effectiveness, the impacts of those policies on developing countries, and the political commitment of countries in an era of globalization. Despite a promising proposal for a new ten-year work programme aimed at bridging the gap implementing the Agenda 21 commitments from Rio, Summit negotiators produced barely more than a muted echo of recommendations from the past which have yet to be taken seriously enough by the world's leaders in a comprehensive intergovernmental strategy. In the ten-year review of progress to achieve sustainable production and consumption (SPAC), governments quickly skipped past the critical work of examining why things are getting worse, avoiding the task of identifying the obstacles (which in some cases were themselves) and in turn avoiding the commitment to time-bound measurable targets. If nothing else, the WSSD demonstrated that a global strategy to achieve SPAC will come not from a UN consensus of world leaders but from a strategic alliance of responsible governments, civil society and others with a vision beyond the next election cycle.     

A “RATIONAL” POLICY FOR THE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CRISES1

ABSTRACT: The present energy and environmental crises are due to increasing per capita demands as well as increasing populations. The role that traditional pricing policies have played in promoting these demands is discussed. The reduction or stabilizing of per capita demands is advocated through the use of Conservational Pricing mechanisms which charge higher average prices for high consumption. An example of the effect of Conservational Pricing in the water supply industry is given.     

Potentially recoverable resources: How recoverable?

There are a number of factors which are likely to limit the proportion of potentially recoverable resources that will actually be recovered. The most important of these concern the way minerals are distributed within the crust and trends in energy costs associated with mineral production. This article offers a pessimistic view of the prospects for mineral supplies early in the 21st century. The resource situation is even less hopeful when the possibility of extending the material living standards of the developed countries to everyone likely to be living on earth late next century is considered.     

黑龙江二克山及其邻区富钾火山岩系的地球化学探讨

基于12个微量元素、10个稀土元素和24个同位素分析结果,作者认为本区钾质火山岩系中超基性岩和极大多数基性岩有接近原生岩浆的成分,岩浆都是地幔岩石低程度部分熔融形成的,其源岩成分为受流体交代的金云母石榴石二辉橄榄岩。综地球化学、地球物理及地质三方面资料分析,论证本区火山活动的构造背景是大陆裂谷。     

The Reproductive Capacity of Plants in a Gradient of Chemical Environmental Pollution

The reproductive capacity of Taraxacum officinale s.l. (two morphological forms: T. off. f. dahlstedtii Lindb. fil. and T. off. f. pectinatiforme Lindb. fil.) under conditions of chemical environmental pollution was studied in years differing in weather conditions. The number of generative shoots in plants increased along the toxic load gradient, which led to an increase in the total number of seeds and the weight of filled seeds. The relative energy value of seeds was determined from the amount of plastic substances in them. The number of seeds was shown to increase at a considerably higher rate than the energy expenditures for the formation of each seed. A general principle was revealed that determines the energy expenditures for the formation of a normal seed in both T. officinale forms under different weather conditions and under the chemical pollution of the environment.