“一带一路”重点地区全要素能源效率-测算、分解及影响因素分析

将“一带一路¹”国内重点地区作为研究对象,从“一带”和“一路”角度分析重点地区全要素能源效率.遵循测算、分解及影响因素分析的研究路径,考虑水体和大气污染两方面的三种非期望产出,采用超效率SBM模型测算重点地区2005-2015年的全要素能源效率,以Malmquist指数分解全要素能源效率变动,通过Tobit模型对10种影响因素进行回归分析.研究发现：2005-2015年,“一带一路”重点地区全要素能源效率未见进步.以经济带划分的全要素能源效率存在差异,“一路”地区全要素能源效率最高,“一带一路”重点地区总体次之,“一带”地区最低,分别稳定在0.96,0.82和0.76的水平;大部分重点地区的Malmquist指数大于1,显示生产效率进步,可能存在“回弹效应”;经济发展、产业结构、对外开放和能源价格可以促进重点地区全要素能源效率提高,研究开发、政府干预、生产要素比没有带来正面影响,工业污染显示显著负影响.最终.     

Fe-絮凝降阻法处理后的印染污泥燃烧特性

为明确印染污泥焚烧特性,提高其处理效率.以Fe-絮凝降阻法深度处理的印染污泥为研究对象,通过TG-DTG热重曲线法研究不同干燥时间（1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5和4.0 h）对深度处理的印染污泥燃烧特性的影响,并对深度处理的印染污泥燃烧过程的动力学和失重速率进行拟合.结果表明:不同干燥时间下,深度处理的印染污泥的焚烧过程均可分为4个阶段,阶段1为水蒸发阶段（15.9~106.9℃）,阶段2为低沸点有机物析出阶段（106.9~235.5℃）,阶段3为挥发分的析出和燃烧阶段（235.5~479.0℃）,阶段4为难挥发物质和碳酸盐分解阶段（479.0~852.2℃）,污泥最大失重率均在410.0℃左右,最大失重均出现在阶段3.最佳干燥时间为2.0 h（含水率为3.60%）,该条件下深度处理的印染污泥在阶段3失重峰值前、后分别为0.5级和2级反应,活化能分别为7.227和87.040 kJ/mol.失重峰值前、后的失重速率方程分别为y=9.003 18-0.099 68x（R2=0.998 1）和y=5.576+2.105/{1+exp[（x-18.076）/1.349]}（R2=0.997 8）.研究显示,深度处理的印染污泥主要在第3阶段燃烧,所得失重速率方程与其第3阶段燃烧的失重速率数据较好吻合.      

基于AERMOD线源模式的城市路网一次PM2.5排放扩散特征研究

机动车排放的一次细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))易在城市交通密集区域和高峰时段扩散积累,形成高浓度的排放热点区域,对人体健康影响显著.本研究基于本地化机动车路网排放清单,应用AERMOD扩散模型对北京市六环内区域进行线源扩散模拟,探讨城市路网一次PM_(2.5)扩散浓度的时空变化规律与排放特征、气象条件和临时控制措施的关系.研究表明,在典型工作日的排放水平下,冬季工作日的机动车源一次PM_(2.5)模拟浓度日均值为2.94μg·m-3,夏季工作日为1.95μg·m-3.两季24 h浓度变化均呈夜间浓度高于日间的特点,但两季峰值在气象条件和排放强度的双重作用下又有所区别.冬季早晚高峰峰值浓度分别为日均浓度的2.3和1.7倍,而夏季早晚高峰由于扩散条件相对较好并未明显形成一次PM_(2.5)峰值.研究还以APEC峰会为例,评估峰会期间临时交通管控措施的影响.结果发现,在相似的季节气象条件下,APEC峰会期间机动车源一次PM_(2.5)模拟浓度日均值较峰会前削减50.1%,凌晨5:00达到小时最大削减率66.6%.冬夏季工作日机动车源一次PM_(2.5)扩散浓度的空间分布呈偏态分布,65%的浓度集中在30%的网格面积上.以冬季工作日为例,高浓度热点区域主要集中在各环路快速路、易拥堵主干道及省道、国道和高速路上,以上道路应成为排放控制的重点对象.     

东北三省能源消费碳排放测度及影响因素

将扩展的Kaya恒等式与对数平均迪氏指数（LMDI）分解法相结合,以2005~2016年东北三省主要能源消费数据为研究对象,构建优化的碳排放分解模型,测度并分解其碳排放与碳排放强度.通过与中国同期能源消费碳排放的定量对比分析,考察各产业（部门）能源结构效应、能源强度效应、产业结构效应、经济产出效应和人口规模效应对东北三省能源消费碳排放的影响.结果显示：2005~2016年,东北三省碳排放总量占中国碳排放总量的8.84%,碳排放强度普遍高于中国碳排放强度.经济产出效应和人口规模效应对东北三省碳排放增长起拉动作用,其中经济产出效应贡献最大为188%,经济发展和城市化进程的加速不利于碳排放的降低.产业能源强度效应、能源结构效应及产业结构效应对东北三省碳排放增长起抑制作用,能源强度效应的抑制作用最大为59%,产业能源强度的调整空间较大.降低能源消耗强度,调整产业内部结构,完善经济政策体制是今后促进东北三省低碳经济发展的重要手段.     

Assessing the performance of motorcyclists’ impact protectors in simulated ATD knee and shoulder impacts

Objective: Fractures are a common injury among motorcycle riders and can have serious health implications. Impact protection (IP) has been designed to help prevent fractures, yet there are conflicting opinions as to whether this IP does in fact help prevent fractures in real-world crashes. This work aimed to (1) use simulated dummy impacts to examine whether existing types of IP could reduce the force transferred to the underlying bone to below fracture tolerance levels and (2) investigate whether current European Standard (EN 1621-1) test procedures for impact protectors designed for motorcyclists are sufficient to ensure fracture protection.

Method: Twenty-three shoulder and 7 knee IP specimens were tested using a 23-kg impactor contacting axially along the clavicle and femur of an anthropomorphic test device (ATD) at an energy level corresponding to the fracture tolerance of these bones. Sixteen IP specimens were the same as those worn by motorcycle riders involved in crashes where injury outcome was known (knee: n?=?3; shoulder: n?=?13) and the IP had been previously tested to EN 1621-1. Other IP tested represented a wide range of IP available for purchase at a motorcycle accessory store. Double and triple layers of IP were also tested. Energy attenuated during the dummy impacts was compared to energy attenuated when tested to EN 1621-1.

Results: Of the 23 shoulder IP tested, the average percentage reduction of transferred force to the shoulder from the baseline test was 7.6?±?4.8%. The percentage reduction of transferred force to the knee from the baseline was 43.9?±?7.5%. The entire group of knee IP tested reduced the transferred force to the knee to below the 10-kN injury threshold for the femur. There was a positive but nonsignificant correlation between the ATD test and the EN 1621-1 impact test performance, suggesting that the European standard test method likely provides a good indication of IP performance. However, given the low correlation coefficient, the relationship between IP performance in the European standard test method and injury protection remains unclear.

Conclusion: Though the energy attenuation test method in the European standard may be an appropriate approach, distinct differences in injury protection performance observed between knee and shoulder IP indicate that there may be a need for different performance criteria for IP designated to protect different body regions.     

基于能量理论的煤与瓦斯突出机理探讨

为研究煤与瓦斯突出的力学机理和能量来源,根据理想气体状态方程,推导了采场围岩瓦斯突出过程中的瓦斯压力、瓦斯含量与对外做功的关系,基于弹塑性力学,阐明了岩体弹塑性状态转化前后应变能释放机理。研究结果表明:煤与瓦斯突出是瓦斯势能与煤岩体弹性能共同作用并转化为煤岩体动能的结果;瓦斯势能释放值与释放路径无关,而与瓦斯压力和瓦斯含量相关,与煤壁前方塑性区扩展规模相关;将其应用至1次特大型煤与瓦斯突出事故中,核算的突出煤量、瓦斯含量和煤体抛出速度基本吻合于实际结果;基于理论分析提出了煤与瓦斯突出的3项防治措施,一是通过钻孔卸压或瓦斯抽放减小瓦斯压力,二是增加极限平衡区距离或减小截深,三是避免高瓦斯巷道或工作面出现蝶形塑性破坏。     

Measurement of minimum ignition energies (MIEs) of dust clouds – History,present, future

Nearly 130 years ago Holtzwart and von Meyer (1891) demonstrated by experiments that explosible dust clouds could be ignited by inductive electric sparks. Then more than half a century passed before the publication of the important quantitative research of Boyle and Llewellyn (1950) and Line et al. (1959). They worked with capacitive electric sparks and found that the minimum capacitor energies ½CU² required for ignition of various dust clouds in air decreased substantially when a large series resistance, in the range 10⁴–10⁷ Ω, was introduced in the discharge circuit. When considering that the net energies of the sparks themselves were only of the order of 10% of the ½CU² discharged, the minimum net spark energies required for ignition with a large series resistance were only a few per cent of the net energies required without such a resistance.Line et al. observed that the essential effect of increasing the series resistance, and hence increasing the discharge time of the sparks, was to reduce the disturbance of the dust cloud by the blast wave from the spark. This phenomenon was explored further by Eckhoff (1970, 2017), and subsequently by some simple experiments by Eckhoff and Enstad (1976). Franke (1974, 1977) and Laar (1980) confirmed the additional finding of Line et al. (1959) that the minimum ½CU² for ignition is also substantially reduced by including a series inductance in the discharge circuit, rather than a series resistance. The basic reason is the same as with a large series resistance, viz. increased spark discharge time and hence decreased disturbance of the dust cloud by blast wave from the spark. For this reason inclusion of an appreciable series inductance in the spark discharge circuit is an essential element in current standard MIE test methods.In experiments with spark ignition of transient dust clouds produced by a blast of air in a closed vessel, it is necessary to synchronize the occurrence of the spark with the formation of the dust cloud. The precision required from this type of synchronization is typically of the order of 10 ms, which can be obtained even by mechanical arrangements, such as rapid change of spark gap length, or of the distance between two capacitor plates. The present paper reviews some methods that have been/are being used for achieving adequate synchronization of dust cloud appearance and spark discharge. Some current standard experimental methods for determining MIEs of dust clouds experimentally have also been reviewed. The same applies to some theories of electric-spark ignition of dust clouds.At the end of paper some suggestions for possible future modifications of current standard methods for measuring MIEs of explosible dust clouds are presented. With regard to justifying significant modifications of existing standard methods, the “bottom line” is, as quite often in many connections, that any modifications should be based on realistic cost/benefit evaluations.     

创建金属冶炼目录需要考虑的若干因素探讨

2014年12月1日施行的《中华人民共和国安全生产法》将金属冶炼单位纳入重点监管,极大提升了冶金有色行业的整体安全管理要求。为便于生产企业、安全监管部门和相关技术服务单位开展工作,国家安全生产监督管理总局组织制定了金属冶炼目录。就目录创建需要综合考虑的若干因素进行探讨。     

Assessment of energy balance against the nutritional status of women carriers in the brickfields of West Bengal

The Indian brick industry is an unorganized sector in which large numbers of migrant women workers are employed. A survey was conducted on 62 women workers working in different brickfields of West Bengal to assess their physiological workload, nutritional profile, total energy expenditure and energy balance. Energy intake was calculated using physiological fuel values of carbohydrate, fat and protein. From the results it is seen that 13% of the sample population falls under severe (grade III) chronic energy deficiency. The average daily consumption of the workers was comparatively lower than their daily energy expenditure, considering the nature of the job which falls under heavy to extremely heavy categories. This negative energy balance is effectively observed in the nutritional anthropometry data. Thus, an immediate ergonomics intervention with better nutrition should be implemented to improve the health status of the workers so they can safely continue to work for a longer period.     

垃圾热干化效率及臭气排放特性研究

研究讨论了垃圾的热干化效率和不同烘干温度下的臭气排放特征。在相同温度下,采用烘干时翻动的工艺,垃圾含水率降低最多。垃圾在600℃时排放的恶臭气体总量最多,在500℃以下烘干时,排放的恶臭气体总量较少。垃圾热干化的臭气浓度以700℃最高,其次分别是200,600,800℃。从工程应用来说,综合考虑臭气总量与臭气浓度,垃圾热干化的温度应以100,300,400,500℃为宜。