50年长江源区域植被净初级生产力及其影响因素变化特征

基于长江源区1959—2008年月平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、相对湿度、降水量、风速和日照时数等气候要素资料,应用修订的Thornthwaite Memorial模型计算了50年植被净初级生产力,分析其年际和年代际变化特征及其主要气象因子的影响。结果表明：1959—2008年间,研究区年降水量呈增加趋势,降水量变化曲线线性拟合倾向率每10年为5.685~13.047 mm,春夏季增幅较大;年平均气温呈极显著上升趋势,气温变化曲线线性拟合倾向率每10年在0.240~0.248℃之间,增温率以秋冬季最大;最大蒸散呈增加趋势,年最大蒸散变化曲线线性拟合倾向率每10年在5.073~5.366 mm,春季增幅最大;地表湿润指数也呈增加趋势,年地表湿润指数变化曲线线性拟合倾向率每10年为0.013~0.020,冬季增幅最大,在10年周期时间频率附近,出现了6~8个干湿交替期,20世纪90年代之后为偏湿期,在低频区,1998—2005年有偏干振荡;近50年年NPP变化呈显著上升趋势,NPP变化曲线线性拟合倾向率每10年在97.901~197.01 kg.hm-2之间,2001—2008年NPP较高。影响长江源区NPP变化的主要气候因子是降水量、最大蒸散量和平均最低气温。     

A geostatistical approach for mapping thematic classification accuracy and evaluating the impact of inaccurate spatial data on ecological model predictions

Spatial information in the form of geographical information system coverages and remotely sensed imagery is increasingly used in ecological modeling. Examples include maps of land cover type from which ecologically relevant properties, such as biomass or leaf area index, are derived. Spatial information, however, is not error-free: acquisition and processing errors, as well as the complexity of the physical processes involved, make remotely sensed data imperfect measurements of ecological attributes. It is therefore important to first assess the accuracy of the spatial information being used and then evaluate the impact of such inaccurate information on ecological model predictions. In this paper, the role of geostatistics for mapping thematic classification accuracy through integration of abundant image-derived (soft) and sparse higher accuracy (hard) class labels is presented. Such assessment leads to local indices of map quality, which can be used for guiding additional ground surveys. Stochastic simulation is proposed for generating multiple alternative realizations (maps) of the spatial distribution of the higher accuracy class labels over the study area. All simulated realizations are consistent with the available pieces of information (hard and soft labels) up to their validated level of accuracy. The simulated alternative class label representations can be used for assessing joint spatial accuracy, i.e., classification accuracy regarding entire spatial features read from the thematic map. Such realizations can also serve as input parameters to spatially explicit ecological models; the resulting distribution of ecological responses provides a model of uncertainty regarding the ecological model prediction. A case study illustrates the generation of alternative land cover maps for a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) subscene, and the subsequent construction of local map quality indices. Simulated land cover maps are then input into a biogeochemical model for assessing uncertainty regarding net primary production (NPP).     

Using Archive Data to Investigate Trends in the Sources and Composition of Urban PM10 Particulate Matter: Application to Edinburgh (U.K.) Between 1992 and 1997

By extending the method of Stedman (1998), daily dataof atmospheric concentrations of gravimetricPM₁₀, black smoke (BS) and sulphate aerosol (SA)from national networks were analysed to determine thetrends in time of the contribution of different sources of particulate matter to total PM₁₀ measured in central Edinburgh. Since BS is an indicator of combustion-related primary sources of particulate matter, the quantity obtained by subtraction of daily BS from daily PM₁₀ is indicative of the contribution to total PM₁₀ from other primary sources and from secondary aerosol. This PM₁₀-BS statistic was regressed on SA, since SA is an indicator of variation in secondary aerosol source. For Edinburgh, SA is a considerably better indicator of PM₁₀-BS during summer than winter (reflecting the much greater photochemical generation of secondary aerosol in summer) and there is evidence that the contribution of other secondary aerosol (presumably nitrate aerosol) has increased relative to SA between 1992 and 1997. The concentration of non-combustion primary particulate material (marine aerosol, suspended dust) to PM₁₀ in Edinburgh has not changed over this period but is about twice that calculated as the U.K. national average. The increasing input to PM₁₀ from secondary aerosol sources at regional rather than urban scale has important implications for ensuring local air quality compliance. The method should have general applicability to other locations.     

强化一级处理与SBR工艺处理油脂精炼加工废水

介绍了规模为200 m3/d的油脂精炼加工废水处理工程的设计与运行。先经强化一级处理工艺预处理,再经SBR工艺处理,出水的有关指标能达到设计的排放标准,工艺运行稳定。     

溶解氧对湖库热分层和富营养化的响应——以枣庄周村水库为例

为研究热分层和富营养化对湖库溶解氧变化特征的影响,于2014年1月~12月对周村水库水温、溶解氧、叶绿素以及初级生产力的季节变化及垂向分布进行了监测.结果表明:水温和溶解氧的分层期均为4~11月份;分层期叶绿素在20~50μg/L之间,初级生产力为2.16~2.23gO₂/(m³·d),光补偿点在1~3m之间;恒温层在5月中旬进入厌氧状态;由于光补偿点位置较高,5~8月份氧跃层位置为1~6m,高于温跃层上界面;而氧跃层位置偏高造成溶解氧在垂向上的极值一般在表层,且变温层溶解氧浓度梯度较大;9~11月份温跃层的下移使得氧跃层和厌氧区界面同时下移,厌氧区界面与温跃层上界面的位置变化始终同步,而氧跃层受水体耗氧作用的影响在热分层结构相对稳定时会再次上移.热分层和水体富营养化均对溶解氧的浓度和分布有重要的影响.     

O3胁迫下冬小麦总初级生产力的损耗模拟

基于涡度相关系统,并引入O_3损耗半机制模型,分析了南京地区冬小麦主要生育期总初级生产力(GPP)的变化,并模拟了不同O_3含量胁迫条件下冬小麦GPP的损耗.结果表明:①冬小麦GPP随其生育期变化,呈现出"中间时段高,前后期低"的分布趋势,最大值为40μmol·(m2·s)-1;②基于高、低两种O_3敏感度效应,150、100和50 n L·L-1组和本研究(CK组)胁迫条件下,冬小麦GPP损耗率分别为:-72%、-36%、-6%、-10%和-13%、-6%、-1%、-2%.损耗评估结果可为我国制定防御O_3对作物伤害对策提供科学依据.     

改型生物砂滤池防治滤料堵塞的实验研究

构筑初滤池并添加灰岩颗粒作为滤料,研究改型生物砂滤池的防堵效果.结果表明,初滤池对污水中悬浮物去除率可达到75％以上,能有效缓解由难降解物质引起的滤料板结与堵塞;在实验初期加强复氧、降低进水有机污染负荷的情况下,含50％灰岩的滤池出水pH值平均为7.58,水力负荷平均为2.05 m/d,稳定运行时间从不含灰岩时的20 ...     

Occurrence and removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine and its precursors in wastewater treatment plants in and around Shanghai

Six wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs） were investigated to evaluate the occurrence and removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine （NDMA）, NDMA formation potential （FP） and four specific NDMA precursors, dimethylamine （DMA）, trimethylamine （TMA）, dimethyl- formamide （DMFA） and dimethylaminobenzene （DMAB）. DMA and tertiary amines with DMA functional group commonly existed in municipal wastewater. Chemically enhanced primary process （CEPP） had no effect on removal of either NDMA or NDMA FP. In WWTPs with secondary treatment processes, considerable variability was observed in the removal of NDMA （19%-85%） and NDMA FP （16%-76%）, moreover, there was no definite relationship between the removal of NDMA and NDMA FP. DMA was well removed in all the six surveyed WWTPs; its removal efficiency was greater than 97%. For the removal of tertiary amines, biologic treatment processes with nitrification and denitrification had better removal efficiency than conventional activated sludge process. The best removal efficiencies for TMA, DMFA and DMAB were 95%, 68% and 72%, respectively. CEPP could remove 73% of TMA, 23% of DMFA and 36% of DMAB. After UV disinfection, only 17% of NDMA was removed due to low dosage of UV was applied in WWTP. Although chlorination could reduce NDMA precursors, NDMA concentration was actually increased after chlorination.     

基于净初级生产力的能源足迹模型及其与传统模型的比较分析

将净初级生产力和土地利用变化2个新指标纳入传统能源足迹模型,构建了基于净初级生产力的能源足迹模型。应用传统模型和改进后的模型分别计算了1999—2008年的吉林省能源足迹,并对2组结果进行了比较分析。研究结果表明：10年间,采用传统模型计算的吉林省人均能源足迹由0.7908hm2增至1.6770hm2,采用净初级生产力模型计算的人均能源足迹由0.2490hm2增至0.5237hm2。2种模型的计算结果在整体变化趋势和构成顺序上较为一致,但在历年变化速率和具体构成份额上存在一定差别。净初级生产力模型扩展了传统模型的研究范围,并在碳吸收参数选取等方面进行了较大改进,所得结果反映了区域综合碳吸收能力下的能源消费生态环境影响,更符合区域自然和社会实际状况,一定程度上是对传统模型的完善。     

燃煤电厂颗粒物超低排放技术路线选择

与SO₂和NO_x超低排放技术不同,颗粒物超低排放是多个处理环节共同作用的结果,是一个系统工程,需同时考虑一次除尘和二次除尘技术的适用性和有效性。随着燃煤电厂除尘技术和协同除尘新技术的发展及推广应用,目前我国燃煤电厂实现颗粒物超低排放的技术路线出现多元化,在过去依赖湿式电除尘做为二次除尘技术的超低排放技术路线基础上,还出现了以湿法脱硫协同除尘做为二次除尘和以超净电袋复合除尘为基础不依赖二次除尘的超低排放技术路线。在分析一次除尘和二次除尘技术的发展与应用现状、效果与适用性等基础上,提出燃煤电厂颗粒物超低排放技术路线选择方法。