我国钻井废水处理研究进展

本文对我国钻井废水处理的研究情况进行了介绍,并分析了钻井废水处理方法的研究进展情况、关键技术以及需要解决的问题。提出只有利用组合工艺才能实现钻井废水的达标排放。     

Changes in Land Cover and Subsequent Effects on Lower Fraser Basin Ecosystems from 1827 to 1990

/ European settlement began in the Lower Fraser Basin (LFB) inwestern British Columbia in 1827 and has impacted the basin ecosystem in anumber of ways, especially affecting the vegetation. Using previouslypublished data, air photos, and other historical material for the area,estimates of land cover were made for the years prior to 1827 and for 1930and 1990. The area of coniferous forest changed from 71% prior to 1827to 50% in 1930 to 54% in 1990. However, prior to 1827, only27% of the forest would have been immature (<120 years old), while40% would have been immature in 1930 and 73% of the forest wasimmature in 1990. The amount of wetland area decreased from 10% to1% of the study area while urban and agricultural area increased to26% of the study area by 1990. The changes in land cover have hadadverse effects on soil, water, and air quality; aquatic life; and plant andanimal populations. Estimates of changes in net primary production andorganic soil carbon suggest a decline over the past 170 years, although thelatter rate of decrease has slowed since 1930. As human populations in theLower Fraser Basin continue to increase, the quality of air, water, and soilwill continue to decline unless measures are taken.KEY WORDS: Human impact; Land cover; Net primary productivity; Organiccarbon in soil     

Energy analysis of nonmarket values of the Mississippi Delta

An energy analysis was used to estimate nonmarket values under various land cover scenarios in the Mississippi Delta. Land loss since 1900 has led to a decline in nonmarket values from $3.1 billion/year in 1900 to $2.5 billion in 1990, resulting in a total loss of $29.4 billion. This loss is concentrated in the Barataria-Terrebonne basins, where nonmarket value has dropped from $1.6 billion/year in 1956 to $1.3 billion/year in 1988. Although values are projected to increase in the Atchafalaya basin (from $723 million/year in 1988 to $756 million/year in 2058), total nonmarket value for the Louisiana coast is projected to decrease to $2.1 billion/year under currently approved levels of restoration.     

ESTIMATION OF PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS USING FREE OXYGEN MEASUREMENTS1

ABSTRACT: A one-dimensional model for heat and oxygen transport is frequently used for the estimation of primary productivity. Such a model employs free oxygen and temperature measurements at discrete time and depth intervals. In this method the eddy diffusion coefficients of heat and oxygen are assumed to be interchangeable. This method was applied to hourly data for 24-hour periods in a small temperature stratified lake. Primary productivity was simultaneously measured with the light and dark bottle method. The application of the free oxygen method resulted in unrealistic estimates of productivity. Some consideration is given to the origin of the failure in the application of this method.     

我国水灾与可持续发展研究

根据我国水灾的有关资料 ,研究了我国水灾的基本特点 ,分析了水灾形成的主要原因及其对可持续发展的制约作用 ,提出了根治水灾必须走可持续发展的道路     

Aggregated Estimation of Basic Parameters of Biological Production and the Carbon Budget of Russian Terrestrial Ecosystems: 2. Net Primary Production

The estimated net primary production (NPP) of Russian terrestrial ecosystems (annual average over the period from 1988 to 1992) is 9544 Tg of dry matter, or 4353 Tg of carbon. Of the total amount, forests account for approximately 39.2% (here and below, comparisons are made with respect to carbon content); natural grasslands and brushwoods, for 27.6%; farmlands (arable land and cultivated pastures), for 22.0%; and wetlands, for 11.2%. The average NPP density on lands covered with vegetation (1629.8 million hectares in Russia) is 267 g C/m²per year. The highest value (498 g C/m²per year) is characteristic of arable lands. Other land-use/land-cover (LULC) classes have the following NPP densities (in areas covered with vegetation): grasslands and brushwoods, 278 g C/m²; forests, 224 g C/m²; and wetlands, 219 g C/m²per year. In general, Russian terrestrial ecosystems accumulate 59.7% of the total NPP in the aboveground phytomass (47.8% in green parts and 11.9% in wood) and 40.3% in the underground phytomass. The latter parameter differs significantly in different LULC classes and bioclimatic zones. According to calculations, the uncertainty in estimating the total NPP is 11% (a priori confidential probability 0.9).     

广州市2002～2003年空气污染指数分析

根据广州市2002年1月1日至2003年12月31日的空气污染指数资料,对广州市每日的空气污染指数和可吸入颗粒物、NO2和SO2的污染指数、空气污染指数的月平均值和年平均值、空气质量级别、首要污染物等指标进行了统计分析.结果表明,广州市的空气污染状况与大尺度的天气现象如季风和降雨量等密切相关.     

宝鸡市中小学校园室内外灰尘铅暴露及评价

城市街道灰尘中重金属铅是血铅的一个重要的潜在污染源,由于校园学生过于集中,校园室内外灰尘的重金属铅对学生身体健康影响尤为严重。本文选择宝鸡市代表性区域的中小学校园,包括市区、郊区城镇、农村及铅锌冶炼厂区域室内外灰尘为研究对象,在对灰尘中铅含量测试的基础上,采用潜在生态危害指数法和地积累指数法对灰尘中铅污染进行对比评价。研究结果表明：宝鸡市中小学校园室内外灰尘重金属铅含量总体均较高,显著高于国内外城市灰尘中铅的含量,是陕西省表层土壤铅背景值（21.4 mg?kg^?1）的10—154倍。除农村灰尘铅含量稍微低一些,其他地区灰尘铅含量均达到陕西表层土壤背景值的30倍以上。市区灰尘的铅含量比十年前的408.41 mg?kg^?1增加了约40%。铅锌冶炼厂周围的灰尘铅含量和前人的研究数据基本持平。两种评价方法显示：宝鸡市中小学校园室内外灰尘中铅污染程度和潜在生态风险均达到严重水平。该研究结果可为区域环境保护、治理及居民健康防护提供科学依据。     

Net primary productivity of China's terrestrial ecosystems from a process model driven by remote sensing

The terrestrial carbon cycle is one of the foci in global climate change research. Simulating net primary productivity (NPP) of terrestrial ecosystems is important for carbon cycle research. In this study, China's terrestrial NPP was simulated using the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS), a carbon-water coupled process model based on remote sensing inputs. For these purposes, a national-wide database (including leaf area index, land cover, meteorology, vegetation and soil) at a 1 km resolution and a validation database were established. Using these databases and BEPS, daily maps of NPP for the entire China's landmass in 2001 were produced, and gross primary productivity (GPP) and autotrophic respiration (RA) were estimated. Using the simulated results, we explore temporal-spatial patterns of China's terrestrial NPP and the mechanisms of its responses to various environmental factors. The total NPP and mean NPP of China's landmass were 2.235 GtC and 235.2 gCm(-2)yr(-1), respectively; the total GPP and mean GPP were 4.418 GtC and 465 gCm(-2)yr(-1); and the total RA and mean RA were 2.227 GtC and 234 gCm(-2)yr(-1), respectively. On average, NPP was 50.6% of GPP. In addition, statistical analysis of NPP of different land cover types was conducted, and spatiotemporal patterns of NPP were investigated. The response of NPP to changes in some key factors such as LAI, precipitation, temperature, solar radiation, VPD and AWC are evaluated and discussed.     

Primary Productivity in the Golden Horn

The shores of the Golden Horn—once most important seaport of the region—represented throughout history a romantic and recreational venue. This tributary to the Bosphorus, however, became seriously polluted with the extensive industrialization and rapid population growth in Istanbul over the past century. Two main tributaries, the Alibeykoy and the Kagithane, dumped both liquid and solid waste from residential areas and industry (small and large-scale) into the Golden Horn. As a result of this pollution, the landward three to four kilometers of the estuary became swamped with sediment. The dominance of anaerobic activity resulted in a highly unpleasant smell, and the shallow depth as one progressed up the bay restricted navigation. In early 1997 The Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality began a dredging operation and gradually diverted all domestic and industrial wastewater discharge from the Golden Horn. Since then there have been remarkable improvements in water quality. This paper presents the state of eutrophication through the water body of the Golden Horn; parameters such as DO, TKN, NH₃-N, NO₃-N, the total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved phosphorus (PO₄-P), phytoplankton and chlorophyll-a have been were analyzed in samples of water taken from various points in the Golden Horn. The presence of DO and the phytoplankton, both indicators of primary productivity in an aquatic body, has been evaluated in relation to former conditions.