Development and Adoption of a Simple Nonpoint Source Pollution Model for Port Phillip Bay,Australia

New computing tools and approaches allow tailored development of software to meet the needs of environmental managers. The processes required for such tailoring fit well with adaptive management concepts where, as knowledge and system understanding develop among managers, the software can be developed or replaced to match. This paper reports on development and adoption of a simple nonpoint source pollution modeling tool, including technical aspects of data support for modeling and social aspects of software design. The software, named FILTER, used a unit load model to generate expected pollutant loads from subcatchments of Port Phillip Bay, Australia. Monitoring data were used for calibration to modify the delivery of generated pollutants to receiving waters. Spatial, tabular, and charting software components were used to provide alternative forms of output visualization. FILTER was developed using a process that resulted in manager-stakeholders taking responsibility for setting of model parameter values and operation of the user interface, thereby encouraging uptake. The inclusive development process, tailoring of the software to manager needs and styles of usage, and matching of model complexity to data and knowledge, resulted in a successful application that has become the current agreed system representation among disparate stakeholder organizations.     

夹点技术--一种有效的清洁生产方法

夹点技术作为一种有效的清洁生产措施可用于能源优化、资源节约、废物减量及污染防治等方面，能收到良好的经济效益和环境效益。本文介绍夹点技术的基本原理、应用研究领域及其发展趋势。     

Evaluation of the technoeconomic feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production for decentralized water treatment

• Gas diffusion electrode (GDE) is a suitable setup for practical water treatment. • Electrochemical H₂O₂ production is an economically competitive technology. • High current efficiency of H₂O₂ production was obtained with GDE at 5–400 mA/cm². • GDE maintained high stability for H₂O₂ production for ~1000 h. • Electro-generation of H₂O₂ enhances ibuprofen removal in an E-peroxone process. This study evaluated the feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production with gas diffusion electrode (GDE) for decentralized water treatment. Carbon black-polytetrafluoroethylene GDEs were prepared and tested in a continuous flow electrochemical cell for H₂O₂ production from oxygen reduction. Results showed that because of the effective oxygen transfer in GDEs, the electrode maintained high apparent current efficiencies (ACEs,>80%) for H₂O₂ production over a wide current density range of 5–400 mA/cm², and H₂O₂ production rates as high as ~202 mg/h/cm² could be obtained. Long-term stability test showed that the GDE maintained high ACEs (>85%) and low energy consumption (<10 kWh/kg H₂O₂) for H₂O₂ production for 42 d (~1000 h). However, the ACEs then decreased to ~70% in the following 4 days because water flooding of GDE pores considerably impeded oxygen transport at the late stage of the trial. Based on an electrode lifetime of 46 days, the overall cost for H₂O₂ production was estimated to be ~0.88 $/kg H₂O₂, including an electricity cost of 0.61 $/kg and an electrode capital cost of 0.27 $/kg. With a 9 cm² GDE and 40 mA/cm² current density, ~2–4 mg/L of H₂O₂ could be produced on site for the electro-peroxone treatment of a 1.2 m³/d groundwater flow, which considerably enhanced ibuprofen abatement compared with ozonation alone (~43%–59% vs. 7%). These findings suggest that electrochemical H₂O₂ production with GDEs holds great promise for the development of compact treatment technologies for decentralized water treatment at a household and community level.     

西北生态脆弱区畜禽粪污处理技术综合评价

畜禽粪污处理技术在不同地区适用性有较大差异。为全面、客观、科学地筛选出适宜西北地区的畜禽粪污处理技术,将生命周期评价、费用效益评价与层次分析法耦合,从技术、经济、气候、直接环境影响与间接环境影响5个方面,建立了包含18项指标的西北生态脆弱区畜禽粪污处理技术评价体系;以兰州市畜禽粪污处理技术为例,分析好氧堆肥、厌氧发酵、垫料利用3种处理技术的适用性。结果表明：兰州市畜禽粪污处理技术适用性综合排序为垫料利用（72.21分）>好氧堆肥（71.55分）>厌氧发酵（68.79分）,垫料利用技术更适宜在西北地区推广;垫料利用技术环境友好性明显优于厌氧发酵和好氧堆肥技术;使用好氧堆肥和厌氧发酵技术处理畜禽粪污可为养殖场增加额外收益。该研究可为西北地区畜禽粪污处理技术模式构建和优化提供指导。

     

岩溶地区土壤溶解有机碳的季节动态及环境效应

对桂林岩溶试验场土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)进行了逐月的观测，结果显示DOC是岩溶生态系统中活跃的有机碳组分，在岩溶地区碳循环中发挥着重要的作用。一年中土壤DOC的变化特征表现为3个阶段：(1)3-7月，随气温升高、降雨量增加，土壤生物活性和新陈代谢能力极大提高，土壤溶解有机碳呈升高趋势；(2)8-11月，气温保持较高的水平，但降雨量偏低，土壤干燥，土壤微生物活性极大地减弱，土壤DOC质量分数全年最低；(3)12月至次年2月，随温度的降低，土壤生物活性逐渐降低，土壤DOC呈缓慢升高趋势，且与土壤微生物量碳之间存在互为消长的关系。土壤碳酸盐岩的溶蚀速率季节变化与土壤DOC之间存在负相关。文章还提出了岩溶地区土壤碳循环模式及DOC在其中的作用。     

固硫生物型煤

研究出生物型煤的生产工艺流程,对型煤和生物型煤的固硫技术进行了研究,成功试验生产出固硫性能优良的生物型煤,为中国煤能源可持续发展利用开辟了新途径。     

Uncertainty in integrated coastal zone management

Uncertainty plays a major role in Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). A large part of this uncertainty is connected to our lack of knowledge of the integrated functioning of the coastal system and to the increasing need to act in a pro-active way. Increasingly, coastal managers are forced to take decisions based on information which is surrounded by uncertainties. Different types of uncertainty can be identified and the role of uncertainty in decision making, scientific uncertainty and model uncertainty in ICZM is discussed. The issue of spatial variability, which is believed to be extremely important in ICZM and represents a primary source of complexity and uncertainty, is also briefly introduced. Some principles for complex model building are described as an approach to handle, in a balanced way, the available data, information, knowledge and experience. The practical method of sensitivity analysis is then introduced as a method for a posterior evaluation of uncertainty in simulation models. We conclude by emphasising the need for the definition of an analysis plan in order to handle model uncertainty in a balanced way during the decision making process.     

生活垃圾堆肥工艺条件及其反应动力学研究

为了改善堆肥微环境 ,提高生活垃圾堆肥速率 ,研究堆肥工艺条件及其反应动力学是非常必要的。通过控制堆肥工艺条件 ,如初始温度、含水率、C/N比及堆料颗粒大小 ,研究生活垃圾堆肥过程中生物、化学及物理因素的变化。试验结果表明 ,生活垃圾堆肥反应符合一级反应动力学 ;合理控制堆肥初始反应条件 ,能明显提高堆肥效率。     

泡膜式介质阻挡放电等离子体去除模拟生产废水中的四溴双酚S

为了有效的降解生产废水中的四溴双酚S(TBBPS),采用泡膜式介质阻挡放电等离子体处理装置,研究了放电等离子体对TBBPS降解的影响。分别探讨了放电电压、空气流量、液体流量、活性物质抑制剂对TBBPS降解效果的影响;考察了降解过程中pH、电导率、COD和生物毒性的变化。结果表明,在放电电压为12.5 kV、空气流量为1.8 L·min⁻¹、液体流量为150 mL·min⁻¹时,处理9 min后其TBBPS去除率达到95 %以上;活性物质抑制剂对TBBPS的降解有一定的抑制作用,活性物质$ \cdot {\rm{O}}_2^ - $是反应体系中的主要活性物质;在降解过程中,pH不断下降,电导率不断上升,COD先升高后降低,生物毒性呈下降趋势。紫外-可见分光光度计全波扫描结果表明,TBBPS对应的特征吸收峰随处理时间变小,表明等离子体处理会破坏TBBPS的结构。以上研究结果可为TBBPS的有效降解提供参考。     

污水处理一体化装置的研究现状与展望

污水处理一体化装置具有投资省、占地少、能耗低、处理效果好及管理简便等优点,是现代污水处理的新方向,有着广阔的应用前景。本文结合几种典型的污水处理工艺对污水处理一体化装置进行了概括性的介绍与展望。