Emission factors of particulate matter, CO and CO2 in the pyrolytic processing of typical electronic wastes

A self-designed experimental device was employed to simulate the pyrolytic dismantling process of selected electronic wastes(E-wastes), including printed wiring boards(PWBs)and plastic casings. The generated particulate matter(PM) of different particle sizes, carbon monoxide(CO) and carbon dioxide(CO_2) were determined, and the corresponding emission factors(EFs) were estimated. Finer particles with particle sizes of 0.4–2.1 μm accounted for78.9% and 89.3% of PM emitted by the pyrolytic processing of PWBs and plastic casings,respectively, and the corresponding EFs were 9.68 ± 4.81 and 18.49 ± 7.2 g/kg, respectively.The EFs of CO and CO_2 from PWBs and plastic casings were 55.9 ± 26.9 and 1182 ± 439 g/kg,and 133.6 ± 34.6 and 2827 ± 276 g/kg, respectively. Compared with other emission sources,such as coal, biomass, and traffic exhaust, the EFs of E-wastes were relatively higher,especially for PM. There were significant positive correlations(p 0.05) of the initial contents of carbon and nitrogen in PWBs with the related EFs of PM, CO, and CO_2, while the correlations for plastic casings were insignificant. The EFs of CO of PWBs were significantly positively correlated with the corresponding EFs of PM and the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs); however, the same result was not observed for plastic casings.     

土壤湿度和机械长度对棉花秸秆分解率的影响

新疆棉花秸秆产量巨大,但是棉花秸秆的木质素和纤维素含量较高,不易被分解,很难作为饲料利用。本文研究了棉花秸秆在不同条件（土壤水分、棉花机械长度）处理下的分解速率。从土壤水分条件来看,棉花秸秆在50%土壤饱和含水量下的分解最为理想,其分解率在100 d后达到54.08%;从棉花秸秆粉碎程度来看,棉花秸秆粉碎越细越有利于其分解,但是3 cm处理100 d后分解率为54.12%,而1 cm处理100 d后分解率只有47.42%,说明棉花秸秆分解需要一定的孔隙度。另外,棉花秸秆分解之后对土壤肥力也有很大影响。此次试验结果可为推广大田试验提供科学依据。     

安徽某粮油加工厂废水处理工艺设计与调试

论述了安徽某粮油加工厂综合废水的来源、水质、处理工艺与调试实践。该综合废水有机物浓度高、含油量大,较难处理。设计采用隔油处理、气浮除杂、兼氧水解酸化、好氧生化的工艺步骤进行处理,系统调试结果表明出水水质完全达国家三级排放标准。介绍了该工艺流程的特点及生产实践中应注意的问题。     

Protoplast fusion between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodobacter sphaeroides for the treatment of soybean wastewater

The kinetic parameters and the purification rates of the hybrid cell Foaz in soybean processing wastewater (SPW) were measured through a shaking reaction and in two automatic regulated control stable fermentation systems (ARCSFS). The maximum specific growth rate of Foaz was 0.576 h^‐1, higher than that of one of its parental strains Rhodobacter sphaeroides P9479 and lower than that of another parental strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y9407. The BOD₅ removal rate of Foaz in the No. 1 system was 61.3%, higher than those of both its parental strains when the influent BOD₅ concentration was 4600 mg/L. The results of this study suggest that the hybrid Foaz has a better capacity of the degradation of organic pollutants in SPW than its parental strains and it may be applicable to the treatment of high concentration organic wastewater.     

A generalized approach for producing,quantifying, and validating citizen science data from wildlife images

Citizen science has the potential to expand the scope and scale of research in ecology and conservation, but many professional researchers remain skeptical of data produced by nonexperts. We devised an approach for producing accurate, reliable data from untrained, nonexpert volunteers. On the citizen science website www.snapshotserengeti.org , more than 28,000 volunteers classified 1.51 million images taken in a large‐scale camera‐trap survey in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Each image was circulated to, on average, 27 volunteers, and their classifications were aggregated using a simple plurality algorithm. We validated the aggregated answers against a data set of 3829 images verified by experts and calculated 3 certainty metrics—level of agreement among classifications (evenness), fraction of classifications supporting the aggregated answer (fraction support), and fraction of classifiers who reported “nothing here” for an image that was ultimately classified as containing an animal (fraction blank)—to measure confidence that an aggregated answer was correct. Overall, aggregated volunteer answers agreed with the expert‐verified data on 98% of images, but accuracy differed by species commonness such that rare species had higher rates of false positives and false negatives. Easily calculated analysis of variance and post‐hoc Tukey tests indicated that the certainty metrics were significant indicators of whether each image was correctly classified or classifiable. Thus, the certainty metrics can be used to identify images for expert review. Bootstrapping analyses further indicated that 90% of images were correctly classified with just 5 volunteers per image. Species classifications based on the plurality vote of multiple citizen scientists can provide a reliable foundation for large‐scale monitoring of African wildlife.     

小波变换理论在炸药装药安全性检验中的应用

工业CT探测炸药时,存在的严重噪声使得信号难以识别,严重影响了炸药探测的可靠度和精确度.为提高工业CT探测炸药的信噪比和可靠性,利用小波变换的方法降低信号噪声以实现有效的炸药探测.结果显示,小波变换可以实际地进行工业CT探测炸药得到的信号的分析,能有效地抑制噪声和提高信噪比,并且利用小波变换可以检测出药柱的裂纹以及裂纹的位置.     

机器振动对厂房结构影响的检测及分析

应用振动测试方法,对机器振动对厂房结构的影响进行检测及分析.检测结果分析表明,在机器振动产生的动荷载作用下,厂房结构振动响应不满足工程结构安全要求.分析了其原因并提出应采取的有效措施,为对厂房结构进行安全评价提供了可靠的科学依据.     

非稳定流巷道火灾试验系统的研制

介绍了巷道火灾试验系统的构成,测定燃烧区膨胀热阻时测点位置的确定方法,火灾时期烟气温度、壁温及岩体温度、烟流中CO2及O2体积分数、沿程压力和风速等的测试方法及测试仪表精度,系统抗干扰方法,数据采集和处理软件的功能以及测试系统的调试方法.系统采用无补偿导线经济地解决了巷道燃烧区测温热电偶冷端温度补偿的方法,使测温系统误差由过去的10%左右下降到3%.     

Bioabsorbable soy protein plastic composites: Effect of polyphosphate fillers on water absorption and mechanical properties

The use of synthetic and natural bioabsorbable plastics has been severely limited due to their low stiffness and strength properties as well as their strong tendency to absorb moisture. This research focused on the development of bioabsorbable polyphosphate filler/soy protein plastic composites with enhanced stiffness, strength, and water resistance. Bioabsorbable polyphosphate fillers, biodegradable soy protein isolate, plasticizer, and adhesion promoter were homogenized and compression-molded. Physical, mechanical, and water absorption testing was performed on the molded specimens. Results showed improvements in stiffness, strength, and water resistance with increasing polyphosphate filler content up to 20% by weight. Application of a coupling agent produced further mechanical property enhancements and a dramatic improvement in water resistance, interpreted by an interfacial chemical bonding model. Examination of the fracture surfaces of the materials revealed that the addition of the polyphosphate fillers changed the failure mode from brittle to pseudo-ductile. These results suggest that these materials are suitable for many load-bearing applications in both humid and dry environments where current soy protein plastics are not usable.     

Review of konjac glucomannan

The paper reviews the solution and gelling properties of konjac glucomannan (KGM) and its interactions with other hydrocolloids such as xanthan and carrageenan for food applications. Research activities in the area of KGM processing in environmentally friendly aqueous environments have been discussed for coatings and packaging applications. Guest Editor: Heidi Schreuder-Gibson, U.S. Army Natick RD&E Center, Kansas Street, Natick, Massachusetts 01760-5020