Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.     

基于粒子群算法的混合尘溯源解析技术改进

采用粒子群算法代替智能解域搜索算法进行CMB模型优化求解,提出改进混合尘溯源解析技术,并结合实例对改进混合尘溯源解析技术的解析结果与混合尘溯源解析技术进行了比较.结果显示,改进混合尘溯源解析技术解析得到的扬尘贡献率为28.01%,低于混合尘溯源解析技术的28.75%,计算得到的受体成分谱中各元素的计算值/实测值较混合尘溯源解析技术更接近1,表明改进混合尘溯源解析技术的解析结果更加准确、合理.     

福建西部山地水土流失区土壤呼吸的空间异质性

土壤呼吸(Rs)作用的空间异质性对于准确估算水土流失区碳收支具有重要意义.通过对长汀县河田镇59个样地的土壤呼吸及土壤全氮(TN)、碳氮比(C/N)、有机碳含量(SOC)、叶面积指数(LAI)、土壤温度(T_(10))、土壤湿度(W)等影响因子测定的基础上,运用传统和地统计学的方法分析了土壤呼吸及其影响因子的空间异质性.结果表明,Rs及其影响因子的变异程度大小依次为:LAISOCTNRsC/NT_(10)W;Rs与T_(10)呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与TN呈显著正相关(P0.05),与其他因子的相关性不显著(P0.05);TN、SOC和T_(10)这3个因子可以解释土壤呼吸27%的空间变化.地统计学分析结果表明:Rs具有中等程度的空间自相关性,结构性因子引起的空间异质性占52.89%,与随机因素的占比(47.11%)相当;Rs及其影响因子的分维数大小依次为:RsLAIC/NT_(10)SOCWTN;Rs的空间分布格局与TN和T_(10)的空间分布格局较为一致,而与C/N、SOC、LAI的空间分布格局不同.在95%置信水平和90%估计精度下,Rs的合理采样数量为62个.     

土地生态功能的特点与保护

土地的生态功能指在物质、能量迁移与转化过程中,土地所表现的能够满足和维持生物体以及人类生活需要的自然环境条件和效用。它包括生态环境的调节功能和生物支持功能两大类,具有整体性、关联性、空间地域性和时间动态性等特征。其中,生态环境的调节功能可分为保护土壤功能、防风固沙、涵养水源功能、调节微气候功能、净化环境功能等五类;生物支持功能主要指产生与维持生物多样性,为生物提供良好的栖息环境。土地的生态功能除了受地形地貌、土壤、气候、水、植物等自然条件的制约外,还受土地利用方式、土地利用结构和区域土地政策等社会经济因素的影响。     

清河水源涵养生态功能保护区的功能分区及建设方案的研究

清河是辽河主要支流,清河水库上游山区森林植被也是保护辽河平原的绿色屏障。受自然条件和人为因素的影响,清河水库生态环境逐渐退化,因而清河水源涵养区生态功能保护势在必行。按照自然环境的现状特点、社会发展的需求及生态功能保护与恢复的基本要求,在生态功能分区的基础上,制定分区保护措施,并提出清河水源涵养区生态功能保护建设的具体方案。通过实施保护和修复,防止生态环境的破坏和生态功能的进一步退化,对地区可持续发展起到积极的推动作用。     

3S技术在锦州市环境功能区划数字化研究中的应用

针对锦州市原有的各类环境功能区划图都是以位图形式存贮于纸介质、应用起来具有一定的局限性的现状,将3S技术应用于环境功能区划的数字化研究,建立矢量化的锦州市环境功能区划信息数据库;将原有多个分散功能区划进行整合,并建立基于网络和单机2种不同环境下的信息发布系统,借以提升环境功能区划数据的应用价值。     

Hydraulic characteristics of an anaerobic baffled reactor as onsite wastewater treatment system

The feasibility of using anaerobic baffled reactor(ABR)as onsite wastewater treatment system was discussed.The ABR consisted of one sedimentation chamber and three up-flow chambers in series was experimented under different peak flow factors(PFF of 1 to 6),superficial gas velocities(between 0.6 and 3.1 cm/hr)and hydraulic retention times(HRT)(24,36 and 48 hr).Residence time distribution(RTD)analyses were carried out to investigate the hydraulic characteristics of the ABR.It was found that the PFF resulted in hydraulic dead space.The dead space did not exceed 13% at PFF of 1,2 and 4 while there was 2-fold increase(26%)at PFF of 6.Superficial gas velocities did not result in more(biological)dead space.The mixing pattern of ABR tended to be a completelymixed reactor when PFF increased.Superficial gas velocities did not affect mixing pattern.The effects of PFF on mixing pattern could be minimized by higher HRT(48 hr).The tank-in-series(TIS)model(N=4)was suitable to describe the hydraulic behaviour of the studied system.The HRT of 48 hr was able to maintain the mixing pattern under different flow patterns,introducing satisfactory hydraulic efficiency.Chemical oxygen demand(COD)and total suspended solids(TSS)removals under all flow patterns were achieved more than 85% and 90%,respectively.The standard deviation of effluent COD and TSS concentration did not exceed 15 mg/L.     

空气污染与儿童肺功能指标的相关分析

采用两步回归法研究了中国4城市空气污染与儿童肺功能指标的相关关系.结果表明,PM_2.5、PM₁₀、TSP等与FEV₁、FEV₁/FVC的调整均值、FEV₁/FVC≤80%的异常率有显著的统计相关关系.说明空气中颗粒物污染是导致儿童小气道通气功能障碍的重要因素之一.研究中未发现SO₂、NO_X污染与儿童的肺功能指标有统计上的相关性.     

城市水体微塑料垂向分布下附着细菌群落结构和功能响应

微塑料作为环境微生物的附着载体已经引起了世界范围内的广泛关注.然而,水环境中微塑料往往呈现垂向分布特征,附着的细菌群落结构和功能是否会随之产生变化仍少见报道.因此,选取了水环境中常见的微塑料聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)和聚氯乙烯(PVC)为研究对象,通过野外水体垂向暴露,结合高通量测序技术,探究微塑料垂向分布下附着的细菌群落结构变化和功能表达响应.结果表明,相较于PVC微塑料,附着于PET微塑料上的细菌群落α多样性更高;随着暴露水深的增加,附着于PET和PVC两种介质的细菌群落丰富度和多样性均随之增加,且深水条件下(90 cm),附着于两种微塑料的细菌α多样性指数均明显高于其在30 cm和60 cm的值.蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、变形菌门(Protobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)为PET和PVC附着细菌群落的优势物种.进一步分析发现,深水环境明显改变了附着于微塑料的细菌群落结构.相关功能预测表明,嘧啶代谢、氨基糖和核苷酸糖的代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢和酰胺生物合成代谢功能表达与水深深度呈正相关性;深水条件...     

Adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide

Sodium pyrophosphate （pyro-P, Na4P2OT）, sodium tripolyphosphate （tripoly-P, Na3P3O10）, and sodium hexametaphosphate （meta-P, （NaPO3）6） were selected as the model compounds of condensed phosphate to investigate the adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide. The adsorption was found to be endothermic and divisible into two stages： （1） fast adsorption within 1 h; and （2） slow adsorption between 1 and 24 h. The modified Freundlich model simulated the fast adsorption stage well; the slow adsorption stage was described well by the first-order kinetics. The activation energies of pyro-P, tripoly-P, and meta-P adsorption on aluminum hydroxide were determined to be 20.2, 22.8 and 10.9 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the fast adsorption stage and to be 66.3, 53.5 and 72.5 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the slow adsorption stage. The adsorption increased the negative charge of the aluminum hydroxide surface. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis analyses provided evidence that the adsorption was not uniform on the surface and that the small crystals contributed more to the fast adsorption than the normal sites did. The results from X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests also revealed the uneven adsorption of condensed phosphate as a function of the penetration depth. More condensed phosphates were adsorbed on the outer surface of aluminum hydroxide than in its inner parts.