地表夯击载荷作用下埋地管道力学分析

为研究地基强夯作业中夯击载荷对埋地管道力学性能的影响,基于有限元原理建立了夯锤-管道-围土耦合三维模型,分析了夯击过程中管道截面变形及所受冲击力变化规律,研究了管道壁厚、夯击速度、夯锤体积对管道应力、应变及变形的影响规律。结果表明:夯击载荷下的管道所受冲击力为脉冲型,且随时间推移逐渐降低为0,最大冲击力随管道壁厚、夯击速度、夯锤体积增大而增大;管道最大等效应力、高应力范围及最大等效塑性应变随壁厚增加而减小,但随夯击速度或夯锤体积增大而增大;随着夯击速度、夯锤体积增大,管道截面变形率（椭圆度或凹陷率）逐渐增大,但其随壁厚增加而减小。     

U(Ⅵ)胁迫下碎米莎草体内抗氧化系统响应特征

采用水培方式研究了铀尾矿库土著优势植物——碎米莎草不同生长期各部位在不同质量浓度铀〔U(Ⅵ),记为U〕溶液胁迫下w(SP)(SP为可溶性蛋白)、C_MDA(丙二醛含量)以及SOD(superoxide dismutase,超氧化物歧化酶)、POD(peroxidase,过氧化物酶)、CAT(catalase,过氧化氢酶)、ATPase(三磷酸腺苷酶)活性的变化. 结果表明,ρ(U)≤250 mg/L时,碎米莎草各部位SOD、POD、CAT活性在整个生长阶段均受到显著诱导(P＜0.05),而C_MDA、ATPase活性与对照组相比无显著差异(P＞0.05);ρ(U)≥750 mg/L时,SOD、POD和CAT活性与对照组相比显著降低(P＜0.05);ρ(U)达到1 000 mg/L以上时,与对照组相比,降低趋势更显著(P＜0.01),而ATPase活性受到显著诱导(P＜0.05),C_MDA在幼苗期显著增加(P＜0.05),膜脂过氧化损伤程度严重. 表明碎米莎草对铀胁迫的生理响应中,以根系SOD、C_MDA的响应最为敏感.      

铜绿微囊藻高温胁迫后的生长补偿效应

为探究藻类受高温胁迫后的恢复生长情况,以铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为材料,设置了40 ℃高温组及25 ℃对照组,分别处理3、6和12 d后转入25 ℃进行恢复培养30 d,测定生长过程中的细胞密度以及Chla(叶绿素a)、CAR(类胡萝卜素)、Pro(可溶性蛋白)、Sug(可溶性糖)和丙二醛的含量. 结果表明:40 ℃高温下铜绿微囊藻的生长受到显著抑制,胁迫至第12天时,细胞密度、ρ(Chla)和ρ(CAR)分别比对照组降低了81.08%、97.89%和90.31%. 解除胁迫后,40 ℃处理3 d组呈现一定的超补偿,细胞密度、ρ(Chla)和ρ(CAR)在恢复培养30 d的平均补偿指数分别为1.63、0.90和2.12;40 ℃处理6和12 d组呈现低补偿,恢复培养至第30天时,ρ(Pro)分别比对照组降低了14.86%和48.75%,ρ(Sug)分别比对照组降低了18.77%和53.73%. 胁迫时间越长,丙二醛含量越高,长时间(12 d)的高温胁迫会对细胞造成永久伤害. 采用Logistic方程拟合生长曲线,40 ℃处理6 d组在恢复培养24 d后出现明显的超补偿,细胞密度增大,预计39 d后超过40 ℃处理3 d组. 高温诱发超补偿生长与自然界中藻类暴发的过程具有密切关系,这种内源性因素及藻体生理特征的变化可为湖泊水华发生的理论研究提供依据.      

人工湿地对提高春小麦抗逆性的作用

黄河上游白银段,污水灌溉导致了春小麦的抗逆性下降。研究利用人工湿地处理受污黄灌水的春小麦,对提高春小麦抗逆性的作用。结果显示:人工湿地能够高效降低重金属在灌溉水中的含量,从而显著的(P<0.05)提高了春小麦的抗逆性,减轻了氧化损伤。因此,人工湿地可用于灌溉水的前处理中,以达提高灌溉水质量,从而减轻污灌水对春小麦的危害,确保农作物的安全和清洁生产。     

镉胁迫对银条内镉残留及其品质的影响

为探索重金属Cd对银条（Stachys floridana Schuttl.ex Benth.）地下茎品质的影响及其Cd残留情况,将银条地下茎在经消毒的沙子中发芽生长,并浇灌改良Hoagland营养液,待银条长到第一朵花的花蕾出现时,对生长状况良好的银条按一定周期浇灌不同质量浓度的Cd^2＋（CdCl2分析纯）,以不施镉为对照,两个月成熟后采其地下茎进行品质测定,并利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定经消解的样品中Cd的含量。实验结果表明,随着Cd胁迫质量浓度的增加,可溶性糖、可滴定酸、可溶性蛋白含量逐渐降低,呈负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.984 9^＊＊、-0.991 2^＊＊和-0.893 3^＊＊,其含量分别为对照的58.40%、57.56%和75.68%;可溶性固形物、维生素C含量呈先稍微上升然后再下降的趋势,而粗纤维的含量则逐渐升高,但数值变化不是很明显;Cd在地下茎中的残留随着Cd胁迫质量浓度的增加而升高,且各处理与对照呈极显著差异,并与国家蔬菜卫生标准相比,Cd含量严重超标,在250 mg·L^-1的Cd质量浓度下其残留是国家标准的16.46倍。     

二氧化硫胁迫对不同抗性玉米幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

采用60mg·m-3SO2气体处理玉米（Zea Mays.L）幼苗,通过组织化学染色和定量测定,分析了高抗自交系齐139和敏感自交系昌7-2在活性氧代谢上的差异。结果表明：SO2胁迫处理3h后,高抗系齐139幼苗叶片积累了较高的O2-和H2O2,12h后被迅速清除而趋于平衡;而高感系昌7-2叶片在胁迫早期产生的O2-和H2O2较少,后期有大量的O2-和H2O2积累,导致细胞损伤。抗氧化酶SOD和CAT在抗性系中显著升高,而敏感系中增幅不显著。这一研究表明不同抗性系中活性氧代谢的差异可能与其对SO2的抗性密切相关。     

早期胚胎发育期暴露1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体后对金鱼仔鱼的氧化损伤(Oxidative Stress of the Ionic Liquid 1-Octyl-3-Methylimidazolium Bromide on the Goldfish Larva Carassius auratus Hatching from the IL-treated Embryos)

离子液体的生物毒性受到越来越多关注,但目前该方面的研究报道很少.采用溴化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体([C8mim]Br)处理金鱼胚胎,研究了金鱼早期胚胎发育期暴露离子液体后对金鱼仔鱼的氧化损伤.通过预实验获得金鱼胚胎(卵裂期)72小时半致死浓度(LC50)为209mg·L-1,根据该结果设计胚胎发育期离子液体的亚慢性暴露浓度为10.45mg·L-1、20.9mg·L-1、41.5mg·L-1、104.5mg·L-1.实验结果表明,与对照组相比,低浓度离子液体处理组(10.45mg·L-1和20.9mg·L-1)超氧化物歧化酶活性显著上升,高浓度处理组(41.55mg·L-1和104.55mg·L-1)极显著下降.谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶活性除10.455mg·L-1处理组为不显著上升外,其余3组均为显著下降.4个处理组丙二醛含量均比对照组显著增高,且呈现明显的剂量-效应关系.该实验结果表明,经过胚胎发育期暴露离子液体后,[C8mim]Br对金鱼仔鱼组织抗氧化系统仍产生较强的氧化损伤并引起脂质过氧化作用.因此,有必要研究离子液体对水生态系统中水生动物种群的影响,并对离子液体的生态安全做出科学评价.     

Interactions of zinc and cadmium toxicity in their effects on growth and in antioxidative systems in tomato plants （Solanum lycopersicum）

The interaction between zinc and cadmium was investigated in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). Ten-day-old seedlings were treated with 10 mol/L CdCl2 associated to di erent concentrations of ZnCl2 (10, 50, 100, and 150 mol/L). Zn supply clearly reduced Cd accumulation in leaves and simultaneously increased Zn concentration. Cd induced oxidative stress in leaves as indicated by an increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level and chlorophyll breakdown. Furthermore, compared with control, Cdtreated plants had significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), whereas, catalase (CAT, EC 1.111.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) activities were significantly suppressed by Cd addition. Zn supplementation, at low level, restored and enhanced the functional activity of these enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX and GR) as compared to Cd-alone-treated plants. The beneficial e ect of adequate Zn level on Cd toxicity was confirmed by a significant decrease in TBARS level and restoration of chlorophyll content. However, when Zn was added at high level in combination with Cd there was an accumulation of oxidative stress, which was higher than that for Cd or excess Zn alone treatments. These results suggested that higher Zn concentrations and Cd are synergistic in their e ect on plant growth parameters and oxidative stress.     

Divergent effects of climate change on the egg-laying opportunity of species in cold and warm regions

Climate warming can substantially impact embryonic development and juvenile growth in oviparous species. Estimating the overall impacts of climate warming on oviparous reproduction is difficult because egg-laying events happen throughout the reproductive season. Successful egg laying requires the completion of embryonic development as well as hatching timing conducive to offspring survival and energy accumulation. We propose a new metric—egg-laying opportunity (EO)—to estimate the annual hours during which a clutch of freshly laid eggs yields surviving offspring that store sufficient energy for overwintering. We estimated the EO within the distribution of a model species, Sceloporus undulatus, under recent climate condition and a climate-warming scenario by combining microclimate data, developmental functions, and biophysical models. We predicted that EO will decline as the climate warms at 74.8% of 11,407 sites. Decreasing hatching success and offspring energy accounted for more lost EO hours (72.6% and 72.9%) than the occurrence of offspring heat stress (59.9%). Nesting deeper (at a depth of 12 cm) may be a more effective behavioral adjustment for retaining EO than using shadier (50% shade) nests because the former fully mitigated the decline of EO under the considered warming scenario at more sites (66.1%) than the latter (28.3%). We advocate for the use of EO in predicting the impacts of climate warming on oviparous animals because it encapsulates the integrative impacts of climate warming on all stages of reproductive life history.     

专业认证背景下的安全工程专业特色教育研究与实践

回顾专业认证在国内外的发展情况,简单介绍《安全工程专业本科教育认证标准》的内容和安全工程专业认证近年来在国内的发展情况。根据南华大学的实际情况,提出在专业认证的背景下,针对行业特点,实行分方向设置课程和从事教学活动。南华大学安全工程专业主要依托"核"行业背景,下设核安全、建筑安全和化工安全3个方向;3个专业方向分别设置了不同的基础课、专业基础课、专业课和选修课;课程设置符合《安全工程专业本科教育认证标准》的要求,并严格按照教学计划开展教学。实践证明,该项教学改革取得明显成效,该校安全工程专业近两年的就业率和考研率都居于全校前列,并且就业单位具有明显的行业特点。