ACP1000余排系统管道的强度分析与评定

目的深入研究PIPESTRESS程序计算原理和方法,总结软件的特点,并对如何更好地使用有限元软件完成核级管道计算工作提出自己的观点,为后续的管道计算工作提供指导。方法采用PIPESTRESS软件对ACP1000余排系统管道进行应力计算,结合RCC-M规范和管道分析的基本原理,从管道模型建立、载荷定义与工况组合、管道抗震分析和应力评定几个方面对PIPESTRESS软件的基本原理和具体应用进行深入分析与研究,并采用SYSPIPE软件对PIPESTRESS的计算结果进行设计验证,对产生误差的原因进行深入研究。结果虽然存在一些影响验证结果的因素,但两种软件的计算结果十分接近。结论PIPESTRESS程序能够很好地胜任对ACP1000核级管道的建模、力学分析和应力评定工作,具有良好的计算精度,该研究成果可以为ACP1000管道计算提供依据,对未来PIPESTRESS程序在新堆型中的应用也具有很大的参考价值。     

Toxicity and mechanisms of action of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in living organisms

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles(TiO_2 NPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterials in the consumer products, agriculture, and energy sectors. Their large demand and widespread applications will inevitably cause damage to organisms and ecosystems. A better understanding of TiO_2 NP toxicity in living organisms may promote risk assessment and safe use practices of these nanomaterials. This review summarizes the toxic effects of TiO_2 NPs on multiple taxa of microorganisms, algae, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. The mechanism of TiO_2 NP toxicity to organisms can be outlined in three aspects: The Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS)produced by TiO_2 NPs following the induction of electron–hole pairs; cell wall damage and lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane caused by NP-cell attachment by electrostatic force owing to the large surface area of TiO_2 NPs; and TiO_2 NP attachment to intracellular organelles and biological macromolecules following damage to the cell membranes.     

海水养殖底泥中外源汞甲基化及生物响应研究

本文选择沙蚕作为底栖生物,通过模拟海水养殖环境,研究在外源汞（Hg （NO₃）₂）胁迫下,沙蚕对汞（Hg）的甲基化和甲基汞（MeHg）的富集,以及沙蚕的生物应激响应.结果表明,海水养殖区沙蚕一方面自身具有将汞转化为MeHg的能力,同时沙蚕扰动会促进沉积物中Hg的甲基化,沙蚕扰动沉积物中MeHg的含量为无扰动沉积物中的1.93倍.随着外源汞含量和暴露时间的增加,沙蚕对MeHg的富集量逐渐增加,而富集速率逐渐降低.沙蚕体内MeHg富集含量为0.007~0.079mg/kg,占沙蚕体内总汞（THg）含量的31.20%~86.90%.与无机Hg相比,MeHg会对沙蚕造成更大的氧化压力,具有更强的生物毒性.沙蚕的SOD,CAT活性和GSH,MDA含量与暴露时间及含量有显著相关性.当沉积物中外源汞输入含量超过0.5mg/kg,沙蚕抗氧化应激系统将超过防御极限.     

两种粒径纳米银对Nitrosomonas europaea的毒性效应

为明晰不同粒径纳米银（AgNPs）对欧洲亚硝化毛杆菌（Nitrosomonas europaea）的毒性效应,采用室内培养方式,探究10nm和50nm的AgNPs对N.europaea生长、氮转化能力、细胞结构、活性氧生成和功能基因表达的影响.结果表明,AgNPs暴露抑制N.europaea生长,随着暴露时间的延长,细菌生长抑制率增加,在4h达到最大值;培养基中NH₄⁺向NO₂^-转化速率减缓,N.europaea的铵态氮转化能力降低;扫描电镜（SEM）图像显示AgNPs造成部分细菌表面塌陷且有孔洞,细胞膜受损严重;透射电镜（TEM）图像显示AgNPs造成细菌内部核物质消融,细胞质膜界限模糊;流式细胞仪（FCM）检测发现AgNPs增加细胞内活性氧的生成;qRT-PCR技术对AgNPs暴露后N.europaea功能基因amoA、hao、merA表达进行测定,发现AgNPs抑制N.europaea功能基因的转录表达.综上所述,AgNPs通过与细胞膜相互作用和产生氧化应激损伤N.europaea,抑制amoA和merA的表达,进而影响铵态氮转化过程,且小粒径AgNPs的毒性强于大粒径.     

Reach‐Scale Comparison of Habitat and Mollusk Assemblages for Select Sites in the Clinch River with Regional Context

Several hypotheses, including habitat degradation and variation in fluvial geomorphology, have been posed to explain extreme spatial and temporal variation in Clinch River mollusk assemblages. We examined associations between mollusk assemblage metrics (richness, abundance, recruitment) and physical habitat (geomorphology, streambed composition, fish habitat, and riparian condition) at 10 sites selected to represent the range of current assemblage condition in the Clinch River. We compared similar geomorphological units among reaches, employing semi‐quantitative and quantitative protocols to characterize mollusk assemblages and a mix of visual assessments and empirical measurements to characterize physical habitat. We found little to no evidence that current assemblage condition was associated with 54 analyzed habitat metrics. When compared to other sites in the Upper Tennessee River Basin (UTRB) that once supported or currently support mollusk assemblages, Clinch River sites were more similar to each other, representing a narrower range of conditions than observed across the larger geographic extent of the UTRB. A post‐hoc analysis suggested stream size and average boundary shear stress at bankfull stage may have historically limited species richness in the UTRB (p < 0.001). Associations between mollusk assemblages and physical habitat in the UTRB and Clinch River currently appear obscured by other factors limiting richness, abundance, and recruitment.     

基于GIS的黄淮海平原旱情监测研究

基于ＧＩＳ技术,提出了用集遥感图像、图形、数据为一体的作物缺水指数模型监测黄淮海平原旱灾的方法。实时监测结果表明：该方法速度快、精度高,从点到面各种形式的黄淮海平原旱情分布结果均与实际吻合,基本上达到了实时监测旱情的目的。     

Urinary concentrations of phenols, oxidative stress biomarkers and thyroid cancer: Exploring associations and mediation effects

Phenols have been shown to influence the cellular proliferation and function of thyroid in experimental models. However, few human studies have investigated the association between phenol exposure and thyroid cancer, and the underlying mechanisms are also poorly understood. We conducted a case-control study by age- and sex-matching 143 thyroid cancer and 224 controls to investigate the associations between phenol exposures and the risk of thyroid cancer, and further to explore the mediating role of oxidative stress. We found that elevated urinary triclosan (TCS), bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) levels were associated with increased risk of thyroid cancer (all P for trends < 0.05), and the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) comparing the extreme exposure groups were 3.52 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.08, 5.95), 2.06 (95% CI: 1.06, 3.97) and 7.15 (95% CI: 3.12, 16.40), respectively. Positive associations were also observed between urinary TCS, BPA and BPS and three oxidative stress biomarkers measured by 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-iso-prostaglandin F_2α (8-isoPGF_2α) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid (HNE-MA), as well as between urinary 8-isoPGF_2α and HNE-MA and the risk of thyroid cancer. Mediation analysis showed that urinary 8-isoPGF_2α mediated 28.95%, 47.06% and 31.08% of the associations between TCS, BPA and BPS exposures and the risk of thyroid cancer, respectively (all P < 0.05). Our results suggest that exposure to TCS, BPA and BPS may be associated with increased risk of thyroid cancer and lipid peroxidation may be an intermediate mechanism. Further studies are warranted to confirm the findings.     

基于应力分析法的士兵系统电子器件可靠性研究

目的 提高士兵系统元器件可靠性,提出一种可应用于士兵系统电子装备可靠性设计的方法。方法 以士兵某探测器设计过程为研究对象,依据军用电子元器件标准和规范对2种可靠性保证要求表征方法进行分析,采用应力分析法针对士兵电子器件进行可靠性设计。结果 该探测器的MTBF值为90 345.56 h,达到了该设备基本可靠性要求。当产品工作到2 a时,探测器任务可靠度为0.833,达到了该设备任务可靠性要求。结论 提出的方法可为士兵系统电子装备可靠性设计提供技术支撑。     

剪切速率及法向应力对煤散体抗剪强度影响研究

在煤层巷道垮落后需安全快速地开挖出1条应急救援巷道，为了了解开挖速率和法向压力对救援巷道稳定性的影响，通过将垮落的破碎煤视为均质散粒体的方式，采用相似模拟实验的手段，分析了剪切速率和法向压力对煤散体抗剪强度的影响。研究结果表明:煤散体的抗剪强度与其对应的法向应力存在线性关系，该关系近似符合莫尔库仑强度准则，但剪切强度增长率随法向压力增大而先增大后减小；在相同法向应力作用下，剪切速率对黏聚力的影响明显大于对内摩擦角的影响。     

Conflicting and Complementary Ethics of Animal Welfare Considerations in Reintroductions

Despite differences in focus, goals, and strategies between conservation biology and animal welfare, both are inextricably linked in many ways, and greater consideration of animal welfare, although important in its own right, also has considerable potential to contribute to conservation success. Nevertheless, animal welfare and animal ethics are not always considered explicitly within conservation practice. We systematically reviewed the recent scientific peer‐reviewed and online gray literature on reintroductions of captive‐bred and wild‐caught animals (mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles) to quantify the occurrence of animal welfare issues. We considered monitoring that could be indicative of the animal's welfare status and supportive management actions that could improve animal welfare (regardless of whether the aim was explicitly animal‐welfare orientated). Potential welfare issues (of variable nature and extent) were recorded in 67% of 199 projects reviewed; the most common were mortality >50%, dispersal or loss of animals, disease, and human conflict. Most (>70%) projects monitored survival, 18% assessed body condition, and 2% monitored stress levels. Animal welfare, explicitly, was referred to in 6% of projects. Supportive actions, most commonly use of on‐site prerelease pens and provision of supplemental food or water, were implemented in 79% of projects, although the extent and duration of support varied. Practitioners can address animal‐welfare issues in reintroductions by considering the potential implications for individual animals at all stages of the release process using the decision tree presented. We urge practitioners to report potential animal‐welfare issues, describe mitigation actions, and evaluate their efficacy to facilitate transparent evaluation of common moral dilemmas and to advance communal strategies for dealing with them. Currently, comparative mortality rates, health risks, postrelease stress, effectiveness of supportive measures, and behavior of individuals warrant further research to improve animal welfare in reintroductions and to increase success of such projects. Ética Conflictiva y Complementaria al Considerar el Bienestar Animal en Reintroducciones