矿井高温高湿职业危害及其临界预防点确定

为预防矿井高温高湿热害对矿工身心健康造成不良影响,对矿井热源以及高温高湿环境导致的职业危害进行分析。选取等效温度(TET)和综合温度指标(TZ)作为热应力指标,调查研究矿井高温高湿环境造成的矿工疲劳问题和烦恼问题。提出在矿井特殊环境下导致矿工疲劳和烦恼的临界预防点—TET指标临界值和TZ指标临界值分别为28.48℃和26.14℃,并给出矿井临界深度745 m。结果表明:提出的临界预防值与国内外已经制定的标准有一定的一致性。矿井开采超过临界深度后,矿工疲劳、烦恼影响程度将随开采深度急剧增加。不同深度矿井应该采取不同的降温标准。     

电子产品环境应力筛选的技术及实施办法

环境应力筛选作为装备研制、生产中的一个非常重要的环节,结合有关标准,对环境应力筛选的作用、方法、裁减、实施办法等方面进行了阐述和论述。通过本文,使企业能够了解环境应力筛选的重要性,将此项工作落实到产品的研制/生产过程中,提高产品的可靠性,从而达到提升企业效益。     

Using individual‐condition measures to predict the long‐term importance of habitat extent for population persistence

Habitat loss and fragmentation are causing widespread population declines, but identifying how and when to intervene remains challenging. Predicting where extirpations are likely to occur and implementing management actions before losses result may be more cost‐effective than trying to reestablish lost populations. Early indicators of pressure on populations could be used to make such predictions. Previous work conducted in 2009 and 2010 identified that the presence of Eastern Yellow Robins (Eopsaltria australis) in 42 sites in a fragmented region of eastern Australia was unrelated to woodland extent within 500 m of a site, but the robins’ heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratios (an indicator of chronic stress) were elevated at sites with low levels of surrounding woodland. We resurveyed these 42 sites in 2013 and 2014 for robin presence to determine whether the H:L ratios obtained in 2009 and 2010 predicted the locations of extirpations and whether the previous pattern in H:L ratios was an early sign that woodland extent would become an important predictor of occupancy. We also surveyed for robins at 43 additional sites to determine whether current occupancy could be better predicted by landscape context at a larger scale, relevant to dispersal movements. At the original 42 sites, H:L ratios and extirpations were not related, although only 4 extirpations were observed. Woodland extent within 500 m had become a strong predictor of occupancy. Taken together, these results provide mixed evidence as to whether patterns of individual condition can reveal habitat relationships that become evident as local shifts in occupancy occur but that are not revealed by a single snapshot of species distribution. Across all 85 sites, woodland extent at scales relevant to dispersal (5 km) was not related to occurrence. We recommend that conservation actions focus on regenerating areas of habitat large enough to support robin territories rather than increasing connectivity within the landscape.     

Bond behaviour of bamboo splints in cement-stabilised rammed earth blocks

This paper represents an effort to study the bond characteristics of plain and noded bamboo splints embedded in cement-stabilised rammed earth (CSRE) blocks. A series of CSRE pullout test specimens and two species of bamboo, namely Melocanna Baccifera and Bambusa Balcooa having an average tensile strength of 384 and 310 MPa, respectively, were fabricated using 4–10% Portland cement. These bamboo species are commonly available and widely used for construction in the north-eastern part of India. Besides considering the effects of soil strength, cement content, splint size and type on bond force and slip, the effect of embedded area was also briefly considered as part of the test programme. The test result showed that pullout bond resistance is correlated to rammed earth compressive strength, splint size and type, and embedded area.     

Practical Science Communication Strategies for Graduate Students

Development of skills in science communication is a well‐acknowledged gap in graduate training, but the constraints that accompany research (limited time, resources, and knowledge of opportunities) make it challenging to acquire these proficiencies. Furthermore, advisors and institutions may find it difficult to support graduate students adequately in these efforts. The result is fewer career and societal benefits because students have not learned to communicate research effectively beyond their scientific peers. To help overcome these hurdles, we developed a practical approach to incorporating broad science communication into any graduate‐school time line. The approach consists of a portfolio approach that organizes outreach activities along a time line of planned graduate studies. To help design the portfolio, we mapped available science communication tools according to 5 core skills essential to most scientific careers: writing, public speaking, leadership, project management, and teaching. This helps graduate students consider the diversity of communication tools based on their desired skills, time constraints, barriers to entry, target audiences, and personal and societal communication goals. By designing a portfolio with an advisor's input, guidance, and approval, graduate students can gauge how much outreach is appropriate given their other commitments to teaching, research, and classes. The student benefits from the advisors’ experience and mentorship, promotes the group's research, and establishes a track record of engagement. When graduate student participation in science communication is discussed, it is often recommended that institutions offer or require more training in communication, project management, and leadership. We suggest that graduate students can also adopt a do‐it‐yourself approach that includes determining students’ own outreach objectives and time constraints and communicating these with their advisor. By doing so we hope students will help create a new culture of science communication in graduate student education. Estrategias Prácticas para la Comunicación Científica para Estudiantes de Posgrado     

Relationships between simulated water stress and mortality and growth rates in underplanted Toona ciliata Roem. in subtropical Argentinean plantations

Toona ciliata Roem. (Australian red cedar) requires a nurse-tree overstory to prevent damage from drought and irradiation in some regions of north-eastern Argentina. T. ciliata was planted in the understory of Pinus taeda L. (625 stems/ha), Pinus elliottii Engelm. × Pinus caribaea Morelet (625 stems/ha), and Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. (833 stems/ha) nurse trees, which were thinned to 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the initial densities. We measured initial T. ciliata mortality and growth as well as Leaf Area Index (LAI) based on light transmission. T. ciliata soil water availability and its effect on early growth and mortality were examined by modelling drought stress using the two-dimensional forest hydrology model ForWaDy. Simulated patterns in T. ciliata water stress for the different overstory treatments were consistent with observed patterns of mortality. Early mortality was lowest with a G. robusta overstory, with corresponding lowest drought stress values and high modelled soil water contents in the top soil layer in intermediate and high overstory densities. Mortality was highest with a P. elliottii × P. caribaea overstory in treatments with the highest modelled drought stress values in the most open treatments. The model supported our field observations by indicating that water stress was an important limitation to T. ciliata survival and growth on our study sites. The linkage between T. ciliata establishment success, early growth and soil water availability as indicated by ForWaDy, leads us to conclude that the model is a suitable stand management tool for guiding establishment of T. ciliata plantations.     

水分胁迫对短葶山麦冬生长和总皂苷量的影响

以盆栽的短葶山麦冬为材料,采用称重控制浇水的方法,设置对照(CK)、轻度胁迫(W1)、中度胁迫(W2)、重度胁迫(W3)4个处理[土壤含水量分别为土壤田间持水量(FC)的80%、65%、50%和35%],研究不同程度土壤水分胁迫对短葶山麦冬生长和总皂苷量的影响规律.结果表明:短葶山麦冬生物量总体分配格局表现为叶片>根茎>须根>叶基>块根.在胁迫至d 75(块根发生期)和d 130(块根膨大前期)时中度胁迫(50%FC)组具有最大的叶片和须根生物量及须根分配比例,d 195(块根膨大后期)时对照(80%FC)具有最大的叶片和须根生物量,但各处理差异未达显著水平.随土壤水分胁迫的加剧,叶生物量分配比例总体呈下降趋势.中度胁迫组具有最大的块根生物量和块根分配比例及根冠比,而重度胁迫推迟了块根的萌生.各土壤水分条件下须根总皂苷含量差异不显著,对照的须根总皂苷产量显著高于轻度和重度胁迫组.表明短葶山麦冬对土壤水分有较强的适应性,随土壤水分减少,趋于将更多的资源分配给根系以提高根冠比,50%FC土壤水分条件可提高块根产量,80%FC下可获最大的须根总皂苷产量.图3表1参19     

水分胁迫下不同油松种源SOD、POD、MDA及可溶性蛋白比较研究

采用盆栽控水试验方法,设置正常水分（T1,田间持水量的70%~80%）、轻度胁迫（T2,田间持水量的50%~60%）和严重胁迫（T3,田间持水量的30%~40%）3个水分梯度,对6个油松Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.种源幼苗（陕西洛南LN,陕西桥山QO,山西灵空山LK,山西芦芽山LY,河北雾灵山WL和辽宁千山QN）的保护酶参数进行了分析。结果表明,在T3下,各种源的可溶性蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量差异均极显著（P〈0.01）;LK种源的可溶性蛋白质含量显著高于其它种源,种源LK、WL和LN依靠提高可溶性蛋白质含量来调节细胞渗透势以抵抗干旱胁迫的能力较强;种源QN和QO的SOD活性达到最大,它们通过增加SOD活性来清除O2.-用以抵抗膜脂过氧化的能力较强。整个水分处理过程中,种源LN和LY的POD活性均较高,而QN的POD活性较低,LN和LY通过增加POD活性分解H2O2对细胞破坏的能力较强;各油松种源的膜脂质过氧化程度在T3下均有所降低。     

土壤水分胁迫对花生籽仁矿质元素含量的影响

选用我国北方地区近年来选育或推广应用的29个花生品种（系）,采用全生育期内人工控水盆栽试验,设置正常供水（控制整个生育期土壤含水量为田间持水量的75%~80%）和中度干旱胁迫（控制土壤含水量为田间持水量的45%~50%）2个水分处理。收获后分析籽仁中铁、锌、锰、铝、镉等微量元素和钙、镁、钾、磷、氮等主要矿物质元素含量。结果表明,花生籽仁中铅、铬含量极低,未能检测出;品种间各微量和其他矿质元素含量均存在明显差异,微量元素中,铝平均含量最高,锰含量最低,铁和锌含量居中。干旱使花生籽仁中除铝之外的铁、锌、镉、锰微量元素含量显著增加,尤其是铁,其含量是浇水条件下的2.9倍,其次是镉,为浇水条件下的2.4倍,锌也达1.6倍;但干旱使籽仁中钙、镁含量降低,氮、磷、钾3元素的变化不大,两处理间差异不明显;两处理中除锌元素外其余矿质元素含量间的相关系数间均呈显著或极显著相关关系,镁、锰和镉三元素间的相关系数最大,均在0.95以上,钙次之,磷最小。表明土壤干旱可提高花生籽仁中铁、锌、镉、锰微量元素含量,且微量矿质元素协同效应明显;土壤湿润降低花生籽仁中磷、钾元素与其他矿质元素间的相关关系。     

铜、镉胁迫下荻种子的萌发和幼苗生长

研究了不同质量浓度Cu、Cd胁迫对荻（Triarrhena sacchariflora（Maxim.）Nakai）种子萌发及其幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：随着胁迫质量浓度的增大,Cu、Cd对荻种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制作用增强。就发芽率来看,影响荻种子萌发的Cu的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为20.81、67.37 mg·L-1,Cd的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为16.30、42.79 mg·L-1。Cu、Cd对荻幼苗根的抑制作用大于对芽的抑制作用;芽的生长表现为＂低促高抑＂。影响荻幼苗芽生长的Cu的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为52.32、96.11 mg·L-1,Cd的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为33.55、55.88 mg·L-1;影响荻幼苗根生长的Cu的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为42.33、85.03 mg·L-1,Cd的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为26.18、50.45 mg·L-1。