典型有机溶剂使用行业VOCs成分谱及臭氧生成潜势

选取我国北方某重工业城市的家具喷涂、汽车喷涂、印刷打印等典型溶剂使用行业,分析各工艺过程VOCs(挥发性有机化合物)排放的化学成分谱信息,并计算了臭氧生成潜势。现场调研获得其溶剂使用量信息,采用SUMMA罐在车间进行VOCs样品采集,使用气象色谱/质谱系统对样品进行检测。结果表明,各工艺过程排放的TVOCs(VOCs化合物浓度之和)均较高,其中汽车硝基涂料(NC)喷涂工艺排放TVOCs质量浓度最高,达5 520.09μg/m~3,打印店最低,为755.32μg/m~3。对各工艺过程,家具喷涂中聚氨酯涂料(PU)、硝基涂料(NC)喷涂工艺和汽车NC漆喷涂工艺排放的VOCs都以苯系物为主,质量分数均在80%以上,主要组分包括邻-二甲苯、乙苯、甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯、间,对-二甲苯和苯。报纸和铜版纸印刷排放VOCs以烷烃、苯系物为主,两者烷烃质量分数分别为39.51%和33.34%,苯系物质量分数分别为54.80%和51.07%,且报纸印刷排放VOCs主要组分为癸烷、乙苯及1,2,4-三甲苯,报纸和铜版纸印刷排放VOCs主要组分为1-丁烯、间乙基甲苯和对乙基甲苯。打印店排放VOCs中质量分数最高的是烷烃(65.09%)。上述行业臭氧生成潜势最高的是家具PU漆喷涂(5.863 g O_3/g VOCs),其次是家具NC漆喷涂(5.714g O_3/g VOCs)和汽车NC漆喷涂(5.505 g O_3/g VOCs),苯系物为主要贡献物。基于原辅材料消耗量的排放因子法计算出各工艺过程VOCs实际排放量,研究表明家具厂1和2的PU漆喷涂工艺VOCs排放量最高,分别为623.36 t/a和94.72 t/a。     

薪柴燃烧源和燃煤源中多环芳烃的成分谱研究

采集了薪柴燃烧源、燃煤源产生的PM10颗粒物样品,采用超声萃取、硅胶-氧化铝柱层析分离、气相色谱/质谱联用技术,对美国环保总局推荐的优控多环芳烃进行了定量分析。薪柴源、燃煤源产生的多环芳烃单体质量浓度分别在0.81～199.52、9.86～591.95ng/m3之间;对结果进行归一化处理,从而确定了薪柴源、燃煤源产生的多环芳烃成分谱。对比两种污染源发现,薪柴源产生的多环芳烃以荧蒽和芘为主,燃煤源以荧蒽、苯并苝的含量最高。薪柴源产生的多环芳烃中,4环芳烃含量非常高,归一化含量达到60%,其他环数芳烃的含量很低;燃煤源中,3、4环芳烃含量较高,5、6环芳烃次之,它们之间的差别不如薪柴源各环芳烃之间的差别大。     

Recreation conflict potential and management implications in the northern/central Black Forest Nature Park

This study explores conflict in recreational use of the Black Forest Nature Park (BFNP) by six different nature sports groups as a function of infrastructure, forest management and other users. A multi-step, methodological triangulation conflict model from US recreation management was applied and tested in the Park. Results from two groups, hikers and mountain bikers, are analysed in depth. The main conflict potentials were due to infrastructure and value conflicts. These were influenced by various visitor characteristics such as resource attachment, experiences, activity-style, expectations and motives. Results of quantitative data analysis were further interpreted by interviews with agency and group leaders. This methodological combination reveals a robust understanding of recreation conflict and management in the BFNP.     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on the soil profile methane distribution and diffusion in rice-wheat rotation system

The aim of this experiment was to determine the impacts of climate change on soil profile concentrations and diffusion effluxes of methane in a rice–wheat annual rotation ecosystem in Southeastern China. We initiated a field experiment with four treatments:ambient conditions(CKs), CO_2 concentration elevated to ~ 500 μmol/mol(FACE),temperature elevated by ca. 2°C(T) and combined elevation of CO_2 concentration and temperature(FACE + T). A multilevel sampling probe was designed to collect the soil gas at four different depths, namely, 7 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm. Methane concentrations were higher during the rice season and decreased with depth, while lower during the wheat season and increased with depth. Compared to CK, mean methane concentration was increased by 42%, 57% and 71% under the FACE, FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, at the 7 cm depth during the rice season(p 0.05). Mean methane diffusion effluxes to the 7 cm depth were positive in the rice season and negative in the wheat season, resulting in the paddy field being a source and weak sink, respectively. Moreover, mean methane diffusion effluxes in the rice season were 0.94, 1.19 and 1.42 mg C/(m~2·hr) in the FACE,FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, being clearly higher than that in the CK. The results indicated that elevated atmospheric CO_2 concentration and temperature could significantly increase soil profile methane concentrations and their effluxes from a rice–wheat field annual rotation ecosystem(p 0.05).     

有机氯农药在岩溶区上覆土壤中的垂直迁移特征及对地下水的影响

选取典型表层岩溶泉域内的土壤剖面和表层岩溶泉水为研究对象,采用气相色谱(GC-μECD)对土壤和地下水中的有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)进行定量分析,研究了有机氯农药在岩溶区上覆土壤中的垂直迁移以及对地下水的影响.结果表明,研究区所有土壤剖面中,HCHs和DDTs均有检出.HCHs和DDTs的含量范围分别为:0.77~18.3 ng·g-1(平均5.16 ng·g-1)和0.34~226 ng·g-1(平均16 ng·g-1).研究区土壤中的HCHs和DDTs峰值主要出现在土壤亚表层.在一年的观测期间,4个表层岩溶泉中均有HCHs和DDTs检出.泉水中HCHs和DDTs的含量范围分别为:2.09~60.1 ng·L-1(平均12 ng·L-1)和N.D~79.8 ng·L-1(平均9.16 ng·L-1).后沟泉、柏树湾泉、兰花沟泉的HCHs和DDTs含量以及水房泉中的HCHs含量均呈现出雨季高于旱季的特点.泉水中的HCHs、DDTs含量与泉域内土壤中的HCHs、DDTs含量并没有很好的对应关系.研究表明,TOC、土壤含水量、黏粒含量、p H均对后沟泉域土壤中有机氯农药垂直迁移产生抑制作用,致使后沟泉域土壤中有机氯农药含量虽然在4个泉域中最高,但泉水中的含量却最低.而在水房泉泉域,这4个因素对有机氯农药的垂直迁移均没有抑制作用,因此水房泉泉域土壤中有机氯农药含量虽然最低,但泉水中有机氯农药的含量却较高.     

PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in sediment and biota from the Mondego estuary (Portugal)

The concentrations of 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), and 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) were measured in sediment and key species as an initial investigation on PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs contamination in the Mondego estuary (Portugal). The results demonstrated that the values of the total PCDD/Fs (∑PCDD/Fs) concentrations were considerably lower than those of the sum of dl-PCBs (∑dl-PCBs) in all the studied samples. Regarding the contribution of individual congeners, OCDD was the predominant PCDD/F and the mono-ortho PCB 118 and PCB 105 were the dominant PCBs in the majority of the samples. Our results suggest that PCDD/Fs and PCBs behave quite differently along the aquatic food web: ∑PCDD/Fs concentrations were lower in higher trophic-level organisms with fish presenting a distinct PCDD/Fs congeners profile; on the contrary, the higher ∑dl-PCBs values were found in upper-level biota, although not exclusively, and quite similar dl-PCBs congener profiles were observed in nearly all the studied species.     

地空导弹发射飞行可靠度试验剖面生成方法

本研究在明确地空导弹武器装备寿命剖面、任务剖面的基础上,利用已经收集到的19发导弹的冲击、振动遥测数据和6发导弹的弹上温度遥测数据以及已经掌握的大量地面温度、电应力数据,进行数据分析与归纳,生成地空导弹环境剖面,并根据我国现有试验条件,将其转化为可靠性试验剖面。     

油田含油污泥深度调剖技术研究

针对目前油田联合站中含油污泥处理难的问题,提出了利用含油污泥开展深度调剖技术,通过对含油污泥组分和颗粒粒径分布测试分析,研制出合适的含油污泥深度调剖剂,室内评价结果表明:该调剖剂抗剪切能力强,热稳定性好,适用于80℃以下油藏,可提高驱油效率31.8%,不仅提高了注水开发效果,而且为解决油田含油污泥污染环境问题提供了一个途径。     

Design and Testing of a Turbulence Probe for Harsh Flows

The force of wind on the ground created by turbulent eddies is commonly used to describe the horizontal flux of material during wind erosion. Here we present the Murdoch Turbulence Probe, an instrument for use in both clean and eroding flows which uses pressure differences to measure the three components of wind velocity. Correlation techniques calculate the forces near the ground and turbulence statistics in nearly real time, including turbulent velocity fluctuations from less than 0.1 Hz to 200 Hz, mean flow velocities, Reynolds stresses as well as the integral length and time scales. In the portable wind-tunnel used by Agriculture Western Australia, turbulence statistics were recorded over stable surfaces and in blowing sand from the initiation of erosion up to the time the sand supply was exhausted. Estimates of the friction velocity derived from the turbulence probe were compared with estimates obtained from the wind speed profile measured with a rake of pitot and static tubes. The Murdoch Turbulence Probe appears to work well in sandblasting conditions. Relative turbulence intensities ranged from 0.11 to 0.2 and are in close agreement with values in the literature. The ratio of the turbulence to the friction velocity (3 to 3.2) is at the high end of the reported range. The Reynolds stress measurements agree closely with predictions of the threshold friction velocities of the sand and estimates from the wind speed profile with a von Kármán constant of about 0.3, lower than the commonly accepted value of 0.4. We suggest that the wind-tunnel profile represents the `outer layer' of the boundary-layer that may best be described by a `Wake Law' or `Defect Law'. At about 54 mm above the surface, the friction velocity decreases from 0.64 m/s to 0.39 m/s and the mean velocity increases from 9.6 m/s to 11.6 m/s as the supply of sand is depleted. In addition to the friction velocity, other scales may be necessary to characterise the overriding effect of the wind and in extending wind-tunnel results to the field.     

焦化废水中多环芳烃的成分谱及污染特征

液-液萃取-高效液相色谱法分析了焦化废水中EPA优先控制的16种多环芳烃含量,总结出其成分谱及污染特征。结果表明:16种多环芳烃在焦化废水中浓度差异较大,主要以在水中溶解度较大的萘、苊、芴、菲、荧蒽、芘为主。其中萘对多环芳烃总量的贡献最大,占总量的36.70%~86.78%。焦化企业排放废水中6种多环芳烃的总量无超标现象,苯并[a]芘单体超标较普遍。