OPTIMIZATION OF MULTIPURPOSE RESERVOIR SYSTEM OPERATION1

ABSTRACT: The goal programming approach for multipurpose reservoir operation has been proposed and applied to the Bhadra reservoir system, having irrigation and hydropower production as dual purposes, in India. The objective of the model is to satisfy sequentially a series of operating criteria. Two goal programming models, one with the objective function as minimizing the deviations from storage targets and the other with the objective function as minimizing the deviations from release targets, have been formulated and applied to the reservoir system under study. The results proved that the model with release targets is preferred over the model with storage targets for determining operational policies for multipurpose reservoir system.     

Optimizing carbon sequestration in commercial forests by integrating carbon management objectives in wood supply modeling

This paper provides a methodology for generating forest management plans, which explicitly maximize carbon (C) sequestration at the forest-landscape level. This paper takes advantage of concepts first presented in a paper by Meng et al. (2003; Mitigation Adaptation Strategies Global Change 8:371–403) by integrating C-sequestration objective functions in existing wood supply models. Carbon-stock calculations performed in Woodstock^TM (RemSoft Inc.) are based on C yields generated from volume table data obtained from local Forest Development Survey plots and a series of wood volume-to-C content conversion factors specified in von Mirbach (2000). The approach is used to investigate the impact of three demonstration forest-management scenarios on the C budget in a 110,000 ha forest in south-central New Brunswick, Canada. Explicit demonstration scenarios addressed include (1) maximizing timber extraction either by clearcut or selection harvesting for greatest revenue generation, (2) maximizing total C storage in the forest landscape and in wood products generated from harvesting, and (3) maximizing C storage together with revenue generation. The level of clearcut harvesting was greatest for scenario 1 (≥15 × 10⁴ m³ of wood and ≥943 ha of land per harvesting period), and least for scenario 2 (=0 m³ per harvesting period) where selection harvesting dominated. Because softwood saw logs were worth more than pulpwood ($60 m⁻³ vs. $40 m⁻³) and were strategic to the long-term storage of C, the production of softwood saw logs exceeded the production of pulpwood in all scenarios. Selection harvesting was generally the preferred harvesting method across scenarios. Only in scenario 1 did levels of clearcut harvesting occasionally exceed those of selection harvesting, mainly in the removal of old, dilapidated stands early in the simulation (i.e., during periods 1 through 3). Scenario 2 provided the greatest total C-storage increase over 80 years (i.e., 14 × 10⁶ Mg C, or roughly 264 Mg ha⁻¹) at a cost of $111 per Mg C due to lost revenues. Scenarios 3 and 1 produced reduced storage rates of roughly 9 × 10⁶ Mg C and 3 × 10⁶ Mg C, respectively; about 64% and 22% of the total, 80-year C storage calculated in scenario 2. The bulk of the C in scenario 2 was stored in the forest, amounting to about 76% of the total C sequestered.     

计算机类学生编程素质的培养

针对计算机类学生在软件编程中出现的问题，本文就格式化编码、界面设计的一致性和清晰性、错误报告的方式与时机、交互二重性等方面进行了细致的介绍，以Visual Basic 6．x为编程语言提出了相应的解决办法，对提高计算机类专业学生的编程素质有较强的指导意义，对其他软件开发或程序设计人员也有较高的借鉴价值。     

The design of blanket wash solvents with environmental considerations

The search for new solvents is often driven by (a) the need to replace solvents whose continued use pose a threat to environmental health and safety, (b) the needs of new applications and processing requirements, (c) a response to changing environmental regulations and (d) a response to market demands. For example, many traditional solvents are on the environmental ‘hit list’ and are to be phased out within the next few years. In particular, cleaning solvents, which are used as blanket washes in the lithographic printing industry present a number of environmental concerns including health and safety. To respond to these concerns and more importantly to respond to rapidly changing operational requirements and market forces, there is a need for efficient and systematic strategies for ‘just in time’ optimal design of solvent alternatives. A good strategy has to consider simultaneously, performance objectives, system interactions and environmental constraints. The object of this paper is to identify and discuss the issues in the design of cleaning solvents (blanket washes) in the printing industry and how environmental and health factors can be accounted for. We do this in the context of a framework for product design. As a proof-of-concept, blanket wash solvents are designed.     

二维地下水水量水质管理模型

通过数值方法建立了抽水井水质与注水井水质的非线性响应关系，采用非线性的多项式函数形式，应用Ｍａｒｑｕａｒｄｔ法拟合，在管理模型的求解中应用Ａｖｒｉｅｌ－Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍｓ法处理负系数问题。实例计算结果表明，几何规划法的应用是可行的，该方法可应用于多排注水，抽水井情况。     

城市大气环境系统污染综合防治研究

本文论述了利用大气扩散模型和数学规划模型建立反映城市布局、耗能结构和大气环境质量间制约关系的大气环境、能源、经济规划模型,并以天津市区为例讨论了大气环境污染综合防治方案。     

中国出口家电反向物流网络及其优化研究

文章分析了反向物流网络的特征、分类以及影响废旧家电回收反向物流构建的因素及构建原则;运用博弈论知识论证了进行废旧家电反向物流的必然性,在此基础上构建了废旧家电反向物流网络,运用混合整数线性规划模型对其进行优化.最后,本文运用例子证明了混合整数线性规划及其算法-分枝定界法的实用性和有效性.     

Finding all optimal solutions to the reserve site selection problem: formulation and computational analysis

The problem of selecting nature reserves has received increased attention in the literature during the past decade, and a variety of approaches have been promoted for selecting those sites to include in a reserve network. One set of techniques employs heuristic algorithms and thus provides possibly sub-optimal solutions. Another set of models and accompanying algorithms uses an integer programming formulation of the problem, resulting in an optimization problem known as the Maximal Covering Problem, or MCP. Solution of the MCP provides an optimal solution to the reserve site selection problem, and while various algorithms can be employed for solving the MCP they all suffer from the disadvantage of providing a single optimal solution dictating the selection of areas for conservation. In order to provide complete information to decision makers, the determination of all alternate optimal solutions is necessary. This paper explores two procedures for finding all such solutions. We describe the formulation and motivation of each method. A computational analysis on a data set describing native terrestrial vertebrates in the state of Oregon illustrates the effectiveness of each approach.     

北京城近郊区园林绿地多目标规划

北京市城近郊区人口密集,经济活动频繁,作为改善城市空气质量的重要环境资源之一,园林绿地提供了不可或缺的生态服务功能。针对研究区降尘大、SO_2浓度高以及生产生活耗氧量大等主要环境问题,以满足城市居民环境质量基本要求为目标,通过一系列决策变量与约束条件的设定,建立起北京城近郊区园林绿地多目标线性规划模型。应用Lingo 8．0软件对规划模型求解,结果表明,规划期(2020年)不同种类园林绿地面积分配较基期(2000年)更为合理,强调通过乔灌草相结合提高园林绿地整体生态服务功能,为北京建设生态城市提供了规划依据。     

Quadratic diversity: Its maximization can reduce the richness of species

In recent decades numerous diversity indices have been introduced. Among them the quadratic entropy index Q expresses the mean difference between two individuals chosen from the community at random. Differing from diversity indices habitually employed, Q does not satisfy a property postulated earlier for those measures. Namely, the uniform distribution of species does not necessarily yield the maximal index value. Q is based on the difference matrix of species. For a given matrix one can seek for the vector yielding the maximum quadratic entropy. This task leads to a quadratic programming problem. Using the appropriate program of a program package, we determined the maximum vector for a genetic difference matrix of crane species, as published in the literature. We discovered that some components (frequencies) in the maximum vector are equal to zero. That is, by maximizing the quadratic diversity some species can be eliminated. We discuss briefly the possible implications of this observation. Moreover, even if all elements in the maximum vector are positive, the elements can differ.