基于非点源溶解态氮负荷估算的率水流域土地利用结构优化研究

利用区域营养盐管理模型(ReNuMa)对率水流域2000~2010年的溶解态氮(DN)负荷进行了定量估算和来源解析.在率定期和验证期,径流和DN负荷模拟的Ens和R2都大于0.9,模型具备可靠的模拟能力.结果表明,率水流域的年均非点源DN负荷为1.11×103t·a-1,负荷强度为(0.75±0.22)t·km-2.在所有土地利用类型中,水田的DN负荷强度最大[28.60kg·(hm2·a)-1],林地的DN负荷强度最小[2.71 kg·(hm2·a)-1].农业生产用地(水田、谷物、经济作物、果园和茶园)对DN负荷的贡献最大,表明人类影响下的农业生产活动是流域非点源污染的最主要来源.基于污染负荷适量削减和农业经济产值最大化原则,开展了流域2015年土地利用结构优化分析,规划结果表明在土地利用结构最优情况下,经济收益的增长依然伴随着负荷的增加,但经济产值的增幅大于DN负荷的增幅.     

工程项目“模块化”助推本质安全发展

介绍了模块化施工的概念、原则及主要做法,以实例证明录取模块化施工可大大降低安全风险,提高施工效率。     

装备研制项目可靠性风险预警技术研究

目的研究装备研制项目可靠性风险预警技术及应用。方法从可靠性风险预警技术对装备研制项目整体质量的影响度出发,对装备研制项目可靠性风险进行特征归类,分析现有装备研制项目可靠性风险预警流程的局限性。结果提出了装备研制项目可靠性风险预警机构的组织管理和权限建议,引入风险阈值理论优化了装备研制项目险预警流程,并给出优化流程中不同风险分析子集的模型应用情景。结论研究提出的装备研制项目可靠性风险预警体系框架和分析模型,可为可靠性风险预警实践提供理论支撑。     

建设项目环境影响后评价的主要内容及存在的问题研究

根据《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》的有关条款,探讨了建设项目环境影响后评价的定义、适用对象、工作内容、工作程序。同时,结合多年的环境管理经验,分析了典型行业环境影响后评价的重点,并指出了目前中国建设项目环境影响后评价存在的问题,提出了改进和完善的建议。实践表明,开展环境影响后评价有助于提高环境管理决策水平。     

响应面法优化胡敏素对Cu2+的吸附及机理研究

采用Box-Behnken响应面优化实验设计对胡敏素吸附去除水中Cu~(2+)的过程进行了优化,设定吸附时间、吸附剂用量、pH、温度和Cu~(2+)初始浓度为5个影响因素,Cu~(2+)吸附率为响应值,建立了吸附率与上述因素之间的二次多项式模型,确定最佳吸附条件,对吸附过程的等温模型及吸附机理进行了研究.响应面分析表明,吸附剂用量、pH和Cu~(2+)初始浓度是显著因素.胡敏素对Cu~(2+)吸附的最佳条件为:吸附时间110 min、吸附剂用量2.4 g·L~(-1)、pH=5.4、温度25.0℃、Cu~(2+)初始浓度208 mg·L~(-1).在该条件下,测得胡敏素对Cu~(2+)的吸附率可达到80.78%,吸附符合Langmuir等温线方程.胡敏素表面疏松多孔,有利于其通过物理吸附方式吸附Cu~(2+),同时,胡敏素表面的羟基、羧基和羰基等活性基团可以与Cu~(2+)发生配位络合作用,Na+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)等与Cu~(2+)发生离子交换作用,从而发生化学吸附.研究结果表明,胡敏素作为一种绿色、高效、廉价的吸附剂,可应用于Cu~(2+)污染废水的治理.     

Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in South and Southeast Asian mussels

A comprehensive monitoring survey for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) utilizing mussels as sentinel organisms was conducted in South and Southeast Asia as a part of the Asian Mussel Watch project. Green mussel (Perna viridis) samples collected from a total of 48 locations in India, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and the Philippines during 1994–1999 were analyzed for PAHs, EDCs including nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP) and bisphenol A (BPA), and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) as molecular markers for sewage. Concentrations of NP ranged from 18 to 643 ng/g-dry tissue. The highest levels of NP in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Indonesia were comparable to those observed in Tokyo Bay. Elevated concentrations of EDCs were not observed in Vietnam and Cambodia, probably due to the lower extent of industrialization in these regions. No consistent relationship between concentrations of phenolic EDCs and LABs were found, suggesting that sewage is not a major source of EDCs. Concentrations of PAHs ranged from 11 to 1,133 ng/g-dry, which were categorized as “low to moderate” levels of pollution. The ratio of methylphenanthrenes to phenanthrene (MP/P ratio) was >1.0 in 20 out of 25 locations, indicating extensive input of petrogenic PAHs. This study provides a bench-mark for data on the distribution of anthropogenic contaminants in this region, which is essential in evaluating temporal and spatial variation and effect of future regulatory measures.     

环境管理、规划管理与项目管理

文章从深入分析环境管理的内涵出发,进而提出树立项目管理意识,强化项目管理的概念,说明项目管理在环境管理中的地位和作用,从这个意义上讨论环境管理与项目管理的关系,简述环境保护项目管理的主要环节,达到提高环境管理效能的途径的目的。     

Comparative evaluation of sizing of metal hydride (MH) hydrogen storage tank filled with different alloys

This study presents a comparative analysis of sizing of metal hydride tank filled with different alloys. Alloys include solid solutions and intermetallic compounds of the generic families AB₅, AB₂, AB, A₂B. The effects of the different alloys on the sizing of metal hydride hydrogen storage tanks are complicated and depend on many factors. In this paper, a thermoeconomic optimization analysis with a simple algebraic formula was presented for the estimation of optimum metal hydride tank surface area for heat transfer enhancement. The optimum area of the metal hydride tank filled with commercially available different alloys (LaN₅, Ti_0,98Zr_0,02V_0,43Fe_0,09Cr_0,05Mn_1,5, TiFe, Mg₂NiH₄) was evaluated and compared by the developed method. The optimum net savings and the value of payback were determined for four alloys. It is found that mathematical model can be employed for the determination of optimum metal hydride tank design and increasing net savings according to alloy types. The optimum areas of the tanks filled with four alloys (LaN₅, Ti_0,98Zr_0,02V_0,43Fe_0,09Cr_0,05Mn_1,5, TiFe, Mg₂NiH₄) were calculated as 0.136, 0.130, 0.133, and 0.173 m², respectively. The optimum net savings for tanks filled with four alloys (LaN₅, Ti_0,98Zr_0,02V_0,43Fe_0,09Cr_0,05Mn_1,5, TiFe, Mg₂NiH₄) are about 461.0, 409.3, 419.6, and 979.6 $ and the values of payback are about 1.98, 2.1, 2.17, and 1.37 years, respectively. Excessive area of the metal hydride tank would not be as economical as the optimum tank area. Thermal management of metal hydride tank must be designed for optimum points calculated at which maximum savings occur.     

Evaluating the impact of uncertainty and variability on the value chain optimization of a forest biomass power plant using Monte Carlo Simulation

Mathematical programming models have been used to optimize the design and management of forest bioenergy supply chains. A deterministic mathematical model is beneficial for making optimum decisions; however, its applicability to real-world problems may be limited because it does not capture all the complexities, including uncertainties in the parameters, in the supply chain. In this paper, a combination of Monte Carlo Simulation and optimization model is used to evaluate the impact of uncertainty in biomass quality, availability and cost, and electricity prices on the supply chain of a forest biomass power plant. The optimization model is a deterministic mixed integer non-linear model with monthly time steps over a 1-year planning horizon. Variability in biomass quality, i.e. moisture content (MC) and higher heating value (HHV), based on the historical data of a real case study is studied in detail and fitted probability distributions are used in the model, while for electricity prices different scenarios are considered. The results show that the impact of variability in the MC on profit is higher than that of uncertainty in HHV. It is observed that the annual profit ranges between $13.3 million and $17.9 million in the presence of all possible uncertainties while its average is $15.5 million. Uncertainty in biomass availability and cost and electricity price results in the risks of having annual profit of less than $14 million and low monthly storage levels.     

加快推进重大政策和重大项目落地,确保生态环境质量总体改善——《“十三五”生态环境保护规划》解读

当前我国环境形势仍十分严峻,"十三五"期间要实现生态环境质量总体改善,需要"硬制度""硬项目"和"硬投入"。文章结合《"十三五"生态环境保护规划》,对其中的重大改革制度政策创新和重大工程项目安排以及资金投入渠道等进行了深入分析解读,提出为确保生态环境质量总体改善,必须积极推动重大改革政策的实施,加快推进重大项目的落地,加大环保资金的投入,优化环保资金渠道。