北京市北运河水系底栖动物群落与水环境驱动因子的关系及水生态健康评价

底栖动物可反映多种生态威胁对水环境的积累效应,与河流水生态系统健康状态密切相关.本研究以北京市典型流域北运河流域为例,基于2015年夏季野外采样调查34个站点水生态数据,对底栖动物群落特征进行分析,采用典型对应分析筛选得到水质驱动因子,利用临界点指示类群分析方法探究关键影响因子的指示物种及其阈值,并基于底栖动物完整性指...     

太子河河岸带土地利用类型与硅藻群落结构的关系

为了评价河岸带土地利用对河流硅藻群落的影响,于2012年5月对太子河河岸带4种主要土地利用类型(森林用地、森林耕作用地、耕地、城镇建设用地)下38个采样点的硅藻群落和水环境特征进行采样分析. 结果表明:森林用地的指示种为膨大桥弯藻(Cymbella turgida)、优美桥弯藻(C. delicatula)、弧形峨眉藻(Ceratoneis arcus)、Gomphonema trancatum等寡污指示种;耕地的指示种为颗粒直链藻(M. granulate)、库津小环藻(Cyclotella kuetzingiana)、线形菱形藻(N. linearis)、尖布纹藻(Gyrosigma acuminatum)等污染指示种. 聚类分析结果显示,相同土地利用类型区域内,硅藻群落结构特征较为相似. 典范对应分析显示,ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(SS)(SS为悬浮物)和ρ(TDS)(TDS为总溶解固体)是影响硅藻群落结构特征的主要水环境因子. 不同土地利用类型区域内硅藻群落结构特征差异显著,其中,森林用地内硅藻生物指数(17.98)和硅藻属数量(17.33个)最高,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(2.22)和Pielou均匀度指数(0.54)最低;耕地内Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数平均值最高,分别为3.37和0.82;城镇建设用地内物种丰富度(11.00)、硅藻生物指数(9.20)和硅藻平均密度(0.71×104 L-1)最低. 研究显示,不同土地利用类型通过对水环境因子的影响进而影响硅藻群落的变化,其中城镇建设用地面积所占比例较高的河流水环境质量和硅藻群落状况最差;太子河河岸带土地利用类型对河流硅藻群落结构影响显著,并表现出明显的空间异质性.      

中国灌区粮食生产水足迹及用水评价

以1998、2005 及2009 年459 个灌区资料为基础,从区域尺度计算粮食生产水足迹,建立粮食生产用水水平综合评价指标I对灌区粮食生产与水资源利用之间的关系进行评价。结果显示:粮食生产水足迹及其组成的区域间差异均较大,大值省区主要分布于东北、华南,小值省区以黄淮海平原为核心集中分布;全国粮食生产水足迹多年均值为1.336 m³/kg,蓝、绿水比例分别为63.7%和35.8%,有35.1%的水足迹损失于粮食生产过程。空间自相关分析表明,粮食生产用水水平综合评价指标I相似的省区在空间上显著地聚集,局部自相关属性为HH和LL的省区超过了20 个,不同年份总体和局部的空间分异特征随时间变化均不明显;省区间粮食生产综合用水水平差异大,I值介于0.079~0.889 之间,变异系数为0.59,黄河中下游省区用水水平较高而东北及西北大部分省区则相反。结合人均粮食占有量与I值在全国的地位,对各省区粮食生产与农业用水发展方向进行了讨论。     

区域环评中生态适宜度分析指标体系的探讨

从城市生态学的内涵和自然与社会两大生态系统出发,结合上海城市特点,建立应用于上海市城镇区域开发建设环境影响评价的生态适宜度分析指标体系,它包括开发区居住用地和工业用地的三级指标体系,其中居住区包含环境质量、绿化景观和地理位置等6项自然生态指标,和生活设施、布局设计、人口密度和综合管理等10项人文社会生态指标;工业区包含环境质量和自然地理等8项自然生态指标,和基础设施、人力资源和综合条件等9项人文生态指标.指标体系以上海市罗店镇和庄行镇城镇作为评价对象进行实例验证分析,结果表明,与实际情况基本相符.     

再生水补给型城市景观水体的水生生物群落特征—以圆明园为例

为了解圆明园水环境生态和生物多样性现状,掌握圆明园生态修复区长期恢复状况,于2017年对圆明园水系末端长春园开展水质、大型水生植物、蜻蜓目(Odonata)昆虫、鱼类(Piscium)和软甲动物(Malacostraca)的调查.结果表明:圆明园经过园区内水生生物群落的净化作用,水质基本达到地表Ⅲ类～Ⅳ类水体标准,属于...     

铬污染土壤超低频复电阻率频散特性

在超低频段(2-5~26Hz)内,研究了铬污染土壤复电阻率在不同含水率、铬含量和孔隙率下的幅值及相位频散特性. 结果显示,铬污染土壤复电阻率的幅值随频率的增大呈单调递减趋势,但相位随频率的变化曲线呈平放的S形. 含水率、铬含量和孔隙率的变化均会引起土壤复电阻率的幅值和相位大小的改变,而相位峰值的位置只对含水率及孔隙率的变化较为敏感,与铬含量变化的关系不大. 含水率从0.08增至0.24时可导致相位峰值的位置产生约8Hz的右移;而当w(Cr6+)从0.5g/kg增至4.0g/kg时,相位峰值的位置基本不发生变化. 表明铬含量和含水率的增大均会引起电阻率减小的异常现象,若单纯地使用电阻率很难区分引起这2种异常现象的原因,但结合土壤复电阻率频散特性特别是相位峰值的位置可以进行有效判别,进而可判定铬污染场地的铬含量分布.      

Tessaria absinthioides: a possible bio‐monitor for Cd,Pb, and Cu,in the middle and lower basin of the loa river,North Chile

Some ecotoxic metals such as Cd, Pb, and Cu in Tessaria absinthioides were quantified to study its possible use as a bio‐indicator and/or bio‐monitor of these metals. This plant was chosen for its abundance in the area under study, along Chile and even in southern Latin America. For Cd, Pb, and Cu in all three parts of the plant (leaves, stems and roots) a different concentration pattern in each sampling areas was observed. In sampling areas Coya Sur and La Cascada copper and cadmium concentration decrease in order: leaves > roots > stems. In samples collected in Xalquincha the lowest concentrations of Cd and Pb were observed in stems. A maximum of cadmium concentration (9ug/gd.w. in leaves) was found in samples from La Cascada, a inflow to river Loa in Calama. High concentrations of lead were found in roots and leaves. Collected data demonstrate that the main pathway for cadmium is from ground water via roots into the plant. Some data obtained for lead and copper indicate that the influence of dust particles adsorbed on leaves and stems can be higher than uptake from ground water.     

规划环评中景观非生态功能影响评价实例

以景观概念作为融合自然与社会、科学与美学、理性与感性的结合点,研究了景观非生态功能的内涵及其评价技术理论框架,从景观功能中提炼出景观非生态功能概念,初步完成景观非生态功能评价指标体系的构建.评价技术体系设计突出环境影响评价中现状评价的客观性以及影响预测的科学性.以人感尺度下的评价对象——景观单元概念为创新点,该评价体系补充并完善了现有景观评价体系的技术链条,在保证评价精度的前提下,简化并规范了评价工作流程.该评价体系沿用现有环境影响评价所广泛采用的现状评价、影响源分析、影响预测评价及措施建议的技术思路,基本能满足现行技术规范的要求.以武汉市后官湖生态宜居新城规划环评为例,验证了该体系的可操作性,为我国规划环评在景观评价技术领域的发展提供理论和实践参考.      

Restorating marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goad for integrated catchment management in Tolo Harbour,Hong Kong,China

Abstract

The paper demonstrates why it is necessary to take the restoration of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal for integrated catchment management, in coastal area of the Tolo Harbour. The present goal of integrated catchment management (ICM) in the Tolo Harbour is to meet with Water Quality Objectives. The performance of an ICM plan, Tolo Harbour Action Plan (THAP), is evaluated by using marine coastal ecosystem health indicators including stress indicators and responses indicators. Since the implementation of THAP in 1988, some significant reduction in pollution loading has been observed—reduction of 83% of BOD load and 82% of TN between 1988 and 1999. There has been an improvement in the health state of Tolo Harbour marine coastal ecosystem as evidenced in the trends of the physical, chemical and biological indicators, although some reverse fluctuations in some periods exist. However, this can only be considered as the first sign of the ecosystem health restoration, since ecosystem health covers not only physical, chemical and biological aspects of an ecosystem, but also ecosystem-service-function aspect. It is recommended to take the restoration and protection of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal, instead of water quality objective management, for integrated catchment management in Tolo Harbour catchment. Steps to further improve the marine coastal ecosystem health of Tolo harbour are discussed in the paper.     

Developing Mechanism of Rubber-tea-chicken Agro-forestry Model in Tropical Area of China

Abstract

As a typical tropical agro-forestry ecosystem in Wenchang, Hainan Province, China, rational mechanisms of the rubber-tea-chicken eco-agricultural model were studied with the Solow technological level index, stability indicator, harmonizing coefficient, grey correlation coefficient and production dominance. This study focused on rational hierarchical structure, the limiting factors and optimal strategies of the model development based on model structure, resource conditions and external market demands. Results showed that rational mechanism of the rubber-tea-chicken ecosystem model mainly included technological contributions, leverage function of dominance component (livestock husbandry), stability of the model structure and harmony of its components, the model dominant product’s market demand and government’s supporting policies. The contributions of fund, technology, information and talent resources played an important role in improving sustainability and productivity of the agro-forestry model.