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The microbiological contamination of waterways by pathogenic microbes has been, and is still, a persistent public safety concern
in the United States and in most countries of the world. As most enteric pathogens are transmitted through the fecal–oral
route, fecal pollution is generally regarded as the major contributor of pathogens to waterways. Fecal pollution of waterways
can originate from wastewater treatment facilities, septic tanks, domestic- and wild-animal feces, and pets. Because enteric
pathogens are derived from human or animal sources, techniques capable of identifying and apportioning fecal sources have
been intensively investigated for use in remediation efforts and to satisfy regulatory concerns. Pollution of human origin
is of the most concern, since human feces is more likely to contain human-specific enteric pathogens. Fecal indicator bacteria
have been used successfully as the primary tool for microbiologically based risk assessment. However measurement of fecal
indicator bacteria does not define what pathogens are present, or define the sources of these bacteria. Microbial source tracking
(MST) methods that have the ability to differentiate among sources of fecal pollution are currently under development. These
methods will ultimately be useful for risk assessment purposes and to aid regulatory agencies in developing strategies to
remediate microbiologically impaired waterways. 相似文献
123.
Indicators are used to draw conclusions about ecological endpoints when these endpoints cannot be measured directly. In many cases, inferences about an endpoint are only possible because assumptions have been made about the relationship between indicator and endpoint; we refer to such indicators as judgement indicators. The validity of inferences made using a judgement indicator can be gauged by examining the known or assumed form of the general relationship between indicator and endpoint. The rules for this kind of inference are a consequence of scale invariance, which originates from measurement theory. For simple indicators comprised of a single indicator measurement, the inferences allowed – equivalence, rank, equality of intervals, and equality of ratios – depend on whether the data are nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio scaled. For composite indicators containing two or more simple indicators, inferences are also affected by the mathematical form of combination; e.g., whether the terms are summed or multiplied. Standardizing simple or composite indicators can allow inferences about the relative importance of observations, based on the natural range of occurrence. Scale invariance is a particularly important consideration in landscape assessments, since these often make use of judgement indicators. 相似文献
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为探寻安全隐患的发生规律,揭示安全隐患的演化特点,为管理人员提供建议和参考。以潞安集团司马煤业有限公司2009—2015年安全隐患记录为数据源,建立无向加权安全隐患共词网络,利用链路预测技术,寻找安全隐患的内在联系及发展趋势。结果表明:相比于共同邻居、资源分配等基于局部信息的相似性指标,资源分配指标能够更好地预测安全隐患各个关键词之间的变化联系;通过分析关键词共现关系,证实预测的准确性,预测出部分未来存在但当前未产生的节点关系。安全管理人员可基于此方法采取有针对性的预防措施,减少相关隐患的发生。 相似文献
127.
Chen Ying Zhao Yong & Liu ChangmingSchool of Environment Beijing Normal University State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation Pollution Control Beijing ChinaChina Institute of Water Resources Hydraulic Research Beijing China 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2004,2(2)
Water saving and developing water conservation society are the two key strategies both for wise water allocation and sustainable utilization. The paper analyses the connotation of water saving and water conservation society. Essentially, water saving means freeing up water from non-beneficial uses and providing it to some more productive uses. Basic principles for setting indicator are presented by providing efficient use of water, considering social issues and ecological protection. An integrated assessing water saving system aiming at more sustainable and efficient consumption is given considering unbalanced social and economic development in regions and basins. The hierarchy indicator system provides qualified tools to the practice of water conservation and evaluates the value for water conservation society construction. 相似文献
128.
Lam K.C. 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2004,2(2)
The paper demonstrates why it is necessary to take the restoration of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal for integrated catchment management, in coastal area of the Tolo Harbour. The present goal of integrated catchment management (ICM) in the Tolo Harbour is to meet with Water Quality Objectives. The performance of an ICM plan, Tolo Harbour Action Plan (THAP), is evaluated by using marine coastal ecosystem health indicators including stress indicators and responses indicators. Since the implementation of THAP in 1988, some significant reduction in pollution loading has been observed - reduction of 83 % of BOD load and 82 % of TN between 1988 and 1999. There has been an improvement in the health state of Tolo Harbour marine coastal ecosystem as evidenced in the trends of the physical, chemical and biological indicators, although some reverse fluctuations in some periods exist. However, this can only be considered as the first sign of the ecosystem health restoration, since ecosystem health co 相似文献
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珍稀药用资源植物红景天研究现状、问题与对策 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
论文就国内外对珍稀药用资源植物红景天化学成份、新药理学作用研究进行了归纳分析,并对其开发利用过程中遇到的问题及解决方案进行了讨论。目前已对30多个红景天种的化学成分进行了研究及预试工作,分离出了九大类,60多种新的化学成份。红景天新的药理学作用研究发现,其具有显著的抗衰老、抗缺氧、抗不良刺激、抗病毒及肿瘤、抗疲劳和对机体双向调节等作用机制。红景天研究与利用中存在着红景天规模化开发与生态环境保护之间的矛盾、红景天生殖生态学特性与人为干扰引起的该属植物濒危状况、红景天种质资源评价体系尚未建立以及红景天主要药理成分环境形成与积累机制不清等问题。针对这些问题,论文提出在国家层面上建立野生红景天种质资源库、选择核心质量性状指标对种质资源利用价值进行筛选评价、采用现代生物技术手段建立红景天组织培养和细胞悬浮培养体系、深入研究离体条件下红景天主要次生代谢物产生积累的内在规律,进而建立红景天规模化利用的技术规范与体系。作者针对红景天问题研究提出的看法,对于其它珍稀药用植物资源的利用与研究也具有借鉴价值。 相似文献