磷矿山清洁生产评价指标权重最优设计研究

如何科学、准确地确定磷矿山清洁生产评价中各评价指标权重对磷矿山清洁生产评价具有极其重要的意义。因此,为了避免评价结果出现误差,本文通过对行业专家咨询调整不同准则层(或可调整的指标层)中指标所占的权重来确定最优化生产成本,实现集约生产,实现磷矿山企业利润最大化。这一设计方案的提出可为中国清洁生产水平进行准确的评价提供参考。     

A fate model of pathogenic viruses in a composting toilet based on coliphage inactivation

A composting toilet using sawdust as a matrix has the potential to trap pathogens that might occasionally be contained in human feces. Therefore, care should be taken when handling the sawdust. It should also be noted that pathogenic viruses tend to have stronger tolerance than pathogenic bacteria. The fates of several species of coliphages, T4, , Q and MS2, in sawdust were investigated as a viral model. The fates of coliphages were significantly different among them, and they changed in response to temperature and the water content of the sawdust. As the results, T4 coliphage had the strongest tolerance and Q had the weakest one in sawdust. It was estimated the days required to decrease virus to a safe level based on a risk assessment. According to the rates of Q and T4, 15 days and 167 days were required respectively for a safe level of infection risk based on actually operated composting toilet condition. Thus, it was significantly different depending on the species and sawdust conditions.     

基于污染物受纳量的城镇生活污水处理率指标研究

我国通过污水处理率来评价生活污水处理水平,但污水处理率仅考虑了污水处理设施进水处理的水量,忽略了雨污合流、地下水混入、抽取河水处理等原因导致的污染物收集水平不足.以成都市岷江外江流域为研究区域,开展了城镇生活污水收集和评价指标优化研究,提出了基于污染物受纳量的城镇生活污水污染物处理率概念和核算方法体系,在划分控制单元基础上,核算生活污水污染物的产生量和处理量.研究发现,该流域污水处理厂进水浓度普遍偏低,进水水质存在季节性波动,说明可能存在丰水期雨水、河水或地下水混入稀释的情况,枯水期的进水数据更能反映区域生活污水排放情况;传统污水处理率计算显示该流域污水处理率高于100%,但全流域的COD_Cr、氨氮和总磷污染物处理率分别为37.50%、36.25%和30.14%,与该流域的水环境质量特征和污水管网建设水平相符;在污水管网未完善的地区,采用污染物处理率更能有效评价和反映区域污水收集和处理程度.     

生态系统价值核算指标体系研究

生态系统价值核算是开展生态系统保护成效评估的重要手段,也是支撑生态文明制度体系建设的关键技术之一.指标体系的设定是开展生态系统价值核算的重要前提和基础,但当前生态系统价值还缺少统一的核算指标,因此,在一定程度上制约了生态系统价值在生态系统管理与决策中的应用.在总结归纳当前生态系统价值相关指标体系的基础上,以服务于生态系统管理和相关绩效考核为目标,提出了包括生物生产性、人类收益性、保护成效性、实际发生性、实物度量性、数据可获性、持续更新性、非危害性在内的8项生态系统价值核算原则,筛选形成了包括7个功能类别、15个一级科目和26个二级科目的生态系统价值核算指标体系,并针对实物量达到一定数值才能形成服务的指标设定了核算基准.以厦门市为例探讨了这一指标体系的应用能力,其不仅包括了厦门市主要生态系统服务,而且体现了厦门市作为沿海旅游城市的区域特色.在此基础上,探索了开展生态系统价值统计核算的可能途径,主要包括建立生态系统价值统计核算公式,编制技术导则,开展培训、制定定期发布制度等,旨在为实现生态系统价值的业务核算及其应用提供技术支撑.      

基于MIEP模型的城市生态安全评价——以宁波市为例

基于城市生态安全内涵,运用PSR(压力-状态-响应)模型建立了宁波市生态安全评价指标体系,并以最大信息熵原理(MIEP)为基础,自组织特征映射神经网络(SOFM)为算法,借助MATLAB数学软件为计算平台,从复杂系统结构演化的角度提出了城市生态安全评价模型.最后,用MIEP模型对宁波市2002—2011年的城市生态安全进行评价.结果表明,2002—2011年宁波市生态安全水平逐年提高,2002—2009年处于临界安全状态,2010、2011年处于较安全状态.由于MIEP模型能较好地体现城市生态安全的时空演变动力学特性,连接权值的获取避免了人为设定的主观性,故在城市生态安全评价中有较明显的优势,且在预测上有一定的潜力.     

浅埋矿区煤炭开采对地表生态环境的影响研究

在分析大量文献资料的基础上,从地表塌陷、土壤破坏、水体污染等方面综述了浅埋矿区煤炭开采对地表生态环境影响的研究现状.并指出当前研究中存在的问题,包括煤炭开采对生态环境的影响主要集中某一方面的环境问题,以及缺乏对生态环境有效的预测方法等.针对上述问题,结合浅埋煤矿区生态环境特征,构建了相对完整的生态环境评价指标体系,筛选出基于灰色系统模型的预测方法,进而为下一步建立预测模型和预警系统奠定基础.     

平江县生态弹性度定量分析评价研究

根据生态弹性力的概念,体会其深刻内涵及意义,根据区域实际情况,科学合理的构建平江县生态系统弹性力评价指标体系,运用综合评价的方法计算分析平江县生态系统弹性力,结果显示从2008年至2013年间,平江县生态系统弹性力呈下降趋势,主要原因是水资源总量下降,并对之后生态系统可持续发展和经济发展提出建议.     

青岛市企业环境绩效评价体系构建与应用研究

企业环境绩效评价是将企业的主要环境行为以直观明了的形式向社会公开的一种社会监督手段.青岛市企业环境绩效评价指标体系由污染防治、环境管理行为、社会影响三大类客观指标与环境保护主管部门、辖区相关政府部门、企业周边居民与相关单位对企业环境绩效行为的主观评判指标构成.通过2013年、2014年连续两年对青岛市重点企业进行环境绩效评价并对外公布年度报告,使社会各界加强了对重点企业环境绩效的基本状况的了解,更好地保障了公众环境知情权和参与权,并起到了激励企业持续改善环境行为、不断提高企业环境绩效的作用.     

The species awareness index as a conservation culturomics metric for public biodiversity awareness

Although threats to global biodiversity are well known, slowing current rates of biodiversity loss remains a challenge. The Aichi targets set out 20 goals on which the international community should act to alleviate biodiversity decline, 1 of which (Target 1) aims to raise public awareness of the importance of biodiversity. Although conventional indicators for Target 1 are of low spatial and temporal coverage, conservation culturomics metrics show how biodiversity awareness can be quantified at the global scale. Following methods used for the Living Planet Index, we devised a species awareness index (SAI) to measure change in species awareness based on Wikipedia views. We calculated this index at the page level for 41,197 species listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) across 10 Wikipedia languages and >2 billion views from 1 July 2015 to 30 March 2020. Bootstrapped indices for the page-level SAI showed that overall awareness of biodiversity increased marginally over time, although there were differences among taxonomic classes and languages. Among taxonomic classes, overall awareness increased fastest for reptiles and slowest for amphibians. Among languages, overall species awareness increased fastest for Japanese and slowest for Chinese and German users. Although awareness of species as a whole increased and was significantly higher for traded species, from January 2016 through January 2020, change in awareness appeared not to be strongly related to whether the species is traded or is a pollinator. As a data source for public biodiversity awareness, the SAI could be integrated into the Conservation International Biodiversity Engagement Indicator.     

太湖东部水域浮游硅藻群落特征及其与环境因子关系

对太湖东部水域9个点位浮游硅藻的群落结构进行了分析。结果表明,9个点位的生物多样性处于一般到较丰富状态,其水质为中污染到轻污染;硅藻群落的物种丰富度、生物量和密度因水域地形特点、换水周期等因素出现差异,在半封闭水体中的物种丰富度较差,生物量和藻密度较高,优势种所指示的水质处于中等偏下水平。硅藻相对多度和各项环境因子冗余分析显示,总磷(TP)对群落的组成和分布影响显著。东北部水域浮游硅藻群落主要受到TP和浊度(NTU)的影响,东南部水域浮游硅藻群落受到TP和NTU的影响则很小。