草浆漂白过程中二噁英类生成机理探讨

本文以氯苯、氯酚、二苯并二噁英（DBD）和二苯并呋喃（DBF）为PCDD/Fs前生体,模拟工业草浆漂白条件,探讨了次氯酸盐和氯气漂白苇浆过程中二噁英类的生成机制,研究表明,在苇浆中加入二噁英类前生体如DBD/F,其氯化产物与在木浆中有所区别,在实验条件下,二噁英类的生成量分别为:15μg PCDDs·mg~（-1）DBD。1.5μg PCDFs·mg~（-1）DBF。     

Northern Rivers Ecosystem Initiative: Distribution and Effects of Contaminants

In response to a number of recommendations following the Northern Rivers Basin Studies (NRBS) contaminant program, the Northern Rivers Ecosystem Initiative (NREI) focused considerable attention on assessing contaminants from specific sources including pulp mill effluents, atmospheric transport of mercury and the Alberta oil sands operations. NRBS identified a number of major contaminants of concern including polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and furans, mercury and various hydrocarbons. Together, the NRBS and the NREI studies have demonstrated major declines in the levels of dioxins and furans over the last decade as pulp and paper mills have changed their process and treatment strategies in response to new Federal regulations. Polychlorinated biphenyls however, continue to be a concern for the region as their levels have not declined in fish and sediments over the course of these studies. Higher levels in sediments downstream of Grande Prairie and Hinton were identified, but the source of these contaminants remains unknown. Chlorinated pesticides were also investigated, and although toxaphene, DDT and other chlorinated organic pesticides were detected in fish tissue, they were present at very low levels. Studies on the oil sands industry in northern Alberta demonstrated limited impacts on the Athabasca River to date, although studies did identify slight to moderate impacts of natural oil seeps on fish and benthic communities in tributary streams. NREI studies also identified endocrine active compounds in the three pulp and paper mill effluents tested, but endocrine disruptive effects in wild fish were minimal. Municipal sewage effluents also contain endocrine active compounds and it is recommended that monitoring continue around these point sources.     

Northern Rivers Ecosystem Initiative: Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen – Issues and Impacts

Anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and oxygen-consuming material to aquatic ecosystems can change nutrient dynamics, deplete oxygen, and change abundance and diversity of aquatic plants and animals. The Northern Rivers Ecosystem Initiative required a research and assessment program to establish the contribution of pulp mill and sewage discharges to eutrophication and depressions in dissolved oxygen (DO) in the Athabasca and Wapiti rivers of northern Alberta, Canada and examine the adequacy of existing guidelines for protecting these systems. Analysis of long-term data showed that total N (TN) and total P (TP) concentrations in exposed river reaches exceeded concentrations in reference reaches by ≤ 2 times for the Athabasca River, and by 9.6 (TP) and 2.6 (TN) times for the Wapiti River. Results from nutrient limitation experiments conducted in situ and in mesocosms showed that benthic algal production was nutrient sufficient downstream of pulp mill discharges but constrained in upper river reaches by insufficient P (Athabasca River) or N + P (Wapiti River). Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in both rivers declined during winter such that median concentrations in the Athabasca River 945 km downstream of the headwaters were approximately 8 mg L⁻¹ in mid-February. Although water column DO rarely approached the guideline of 6.5 mg L⁻¹, DO studies undertaken in the Wapiti River showed that pore water DO often failed to meet this guideline and could not be predicted from water column DO. Results from this integrated program of monitoring and experimentation have improved understanding of the interactions between nutrients, DO and aquatic ecosystem productivity and resulted in recommendations for revisions to nutrient and DO guidelines for these northern rivers.The Canadian Crown reserves the right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright.     

国内外造纸行业水污染排放标准比较研究

中国是造纸大国,制浆造纸在中国属于重污染行业。2008年国家发布的《制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准》对整个行业可能排放的污染物提出了要求。本文通过将该标准与国外造纸行业相关的水污染物排放标准进行比较研究,找出我国标准与国外的差别,并为完善我国造纸行业水污染物排放标准提出建议。     

型煤自适应脱硫脱硝特性的实验研究

为了减少民用炉灶和小型工业锅炉燃烧污染,开发了一种自适应脱硫脱硝的型煤,主要由煤、造纸黑液和脱硫脱硝剂混合压制而成,研究该型煤的燃烧过程自适应脱硫脱硝作用。结果表明,造纸黑液可提高型煤的燃烧性能,添加质量分数为20%的造纸黑液,型煤燃尽时间可以缩短25%。同时,造纸黑液还可以脱硫脱硝。当造纸黑液质量分数为10%时,其脱硝效率达到40%,脱硫效率为24%。     

FeSO4/H2O2/UV体系处理化纤厂棉浆粕黑液的研究

Fenton法是处理难降解有毒有机污染物的一种有效的方法.以棉浆粕黑液为研究对象,讨论了H2O2和FeSO4投加量、pH值、搅拌时间等因素对废水CODCr去除率的影响,将紫外光照引入Fenton试剂能提高废水中有毒有机污染物的降解速度,提高氧化能力 .实验确定了最佳工艺条件:pH=7,FeSO4投加量4 g/L,H2O2投加量为1.13%(V/V),搅拌时间15 min,此时CODCr去除率达到66.96%.     

高固液比下废旧锌锰电池生物淋沥的特性及机理

以Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans和Leptospirillum ferriphilum为淋沥菌株探讨高固液比条件下废旧锌锰电池中锌锰浸出的影响因素、特性及淋沥机理。研究了胞外多聚物（EPS）辅助淋沥浸提的影响、不同固液比淋沥体系代谢产物组成及特征的变化;借助扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、三维荧光光谱和接触角、表面能等测试手段分析菌株、电极材料的界面行为。结果表明：生物浸提中EPS的辅助吸附和氧化作用提升了40%左右的锌锰浸提效率;淋沥体系代谢EPS总荧光区域积分标准体积（φT,n）与锌锰的溶出呈显著正相关;EPS提高材料的亲水性,促进了材料和淋沥液的润湿接触,而高固液比下EPS的缺失降低了能源底物的利用和对电池材料的接触浸提。     

Environmentally Sensitive Productivity Analysis of the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry, 1959-1994: An Input Distance Function Approach

This study employs a parametric input distance function that incorporates both desirable and undesirable outputs to provide a more complete representation of the production technology from which environmentally sensitive productivity and efficiency measures can be generated. This framework also generates pollution abatement cost estimates that are useful for policy making. An input-based Malmquist index of productivity growth that appropriately credits the producer not only for increases in marketable or desirable outputs but also for the production of improved environmental quality through pollution abatement activities is derived from the input distance function. The method was applied to time series data from the Canadian pulp and paper industry. Our shadow price estimates indicate that the marginal cost to producers of pollution control has been rising. The main conclusion of this study is that productivity improvement, from the social viewpoint, has been stronger than conventional measures would suggest.     

硫化矿活性矿浆烟气脱硫技术适用性探析

重点进行SO_2浓度、液气比、浆液浓度、pH值对脱硫效率影响的试验研究,验证硫化矿活性矿浆脱硫技术的适用性。结果表明,该技术适用于低浓度烟气脱硫工艺,pH值在6.0~6.5,液气比在8~10 L/m3范围内,实现了高脱硫效率、低能耗、安全稳定运行,为行业内低浓度SO_2烟气脱硫开辟了新的途径。     

Hydraulic and carbonizing actions of sulfuric acid to straw pulp and paper black liquor

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