废纸类造纸废水的零排放技术及其进展

节约用水和防治环境污染是造纸工业面临的一项重要课题,造纸废水的封闭循环和零排放技术成为废纸类造纸废水处理技术研究的重要方向.以废纸为原料的制浆造纸可望通过采取改进设计,采用合理的工艺和设备,改善和加强管理,加大综合利用等措施,率先实现循环回用废水零排放.本文选取国内外几例实践技术,作一简单介绍,以供参考.     

生化—物化组合工艺处理棉浆粕生产综合废水

棉浆粕生产综合废水的生化—物化处理试验表明，采用驯化活性污泥法可有效地去除废水中易生物降解的有机物。当浆粕废水进水ＣＯＤｃｒ浓度１２００～１８００ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，ＣＯＤｃｒ负荷１．８～２．８ｋｇ／ｍ３·ｄ时，ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率可达５８％～６４％，ＢＯＤ５去除率可达８５％～８９％。生化出水经投加化学混凝剂进行物化处理后，ＣＯＤｃｒ可进一步去除６５％～７５％左右，可满足排放标准的要求     

废纸再生造纸废水处理工程应用

废纸再生造纸废水处理工艺在广东东莞东江造纸厂应用3个月,吨成品纸耗用废纸量下降20%,成纸裂断长增加20%～30%,成纸的环压强度提高20%～30%,纸机的有效生产时间和毛布的使用寿命提高。提供了既降低生产成本又提高生产力的有效途径。     

纸品中"100%原生木浆"标记对消费者决策影响的调查与分析

目前我国纸张的用量越来越大,因而探讨纸的再生利用就显得尤为重要。采取了随机调查的方法,主要考察了纸品上标明的“100%原生木浆”给消费者决策带来的影响。调查发现:普通消费者比较关注纸的质量和舒适度,而对于对环境的影响并不很了解,大部分人在一定条件下愿意选择更加有利于环境的产品。因此应该加强宣传,使普通消费者更加了解再生产品,增强环境保护意识,从而能够做出更加合理的和对环境更加有利的选择。     

草制浆造纸中段废水处理及回用技术分析研究

中段废水是制浆造纸工业的主要污染源之一,从工程设计的角度出发,对草制浆造纸中段废水处理及回用提出一套可行适用的工艺方案;对主要工艺环节参数、设备备有说明,以供同行借鉴.     

芦苇制浆废水的生态工程处理

本文主要讨论了生态工程处理芦苇制浆中段废水的工艺流程及其主要组成部分稳定塘和苇田的设计参。通过对工程预期处理效果和生态经济效益分析，认为在可供利用的大片苇田，运用生态工程处理纸浆废水，不仅可以达到控制污染的目的，而且可以取得较好的生态经济效益。     

UV-Fenton法促进白腐菌处理草浆造纸蒸煮黑液

UV—Fenton法能够产生羟基自由基氧化草浆造纸蒸煮黑液中的有机质，白腐菌能够降解草浆造纸蒸煮黑液中的木质素，降低黑液COD，但是分别采用两种方法处理草浆造纸蒸煮黑液，效果都不明显．本研究初步探索了UV—Fenton法作为预处理对白腐菌处理草浆造纸蒸煮黑液体系的影响．与仅采用白腐菌处理黑液的效应相比，UV—Fenton法氧化黑液体系中易氧化的物质，改变了体系中难降解物的特性，降低了可溶性糖的含量，结果能提高白腐菌木质素降解酶系的分泌及酶的活性，增强白腐菌降解木质素及去除黑液COD的能力．图5表1参10     

A field experimental study of lignin sand stabilizing material (LSSM) extracted from spent-liquor of straw pulping paper mills

A new technique was introduced for sand stabilization and re-vegetation by use of lignin sand stabilizing material(LSSM). LSSM is a reconstructed organic compound with lignin as the most dominant component from the extracts of black-liquor issued by straw pulp paper mills. Unlike the polyvinyl acetate or foamed asphalt commonly used for dune stabilization, the new material is plant-friendly and can be used with virescence actions simultaneously. The field experimental study was conducted since 2001 in China‘s Northwest Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and has been proved that LSSM is effective in stabilizing the fugitive dunes, making the arenaceous plants survive and the bare dune vegetative. The advisable solution concentration is 2% and the optimal field spraying quantity is 2.5L/m^2 The soil nutrients of the stabilized and greened dune, such as organic matter, available phosphorous and total nitrogen are all increased compared with the control treatment, which is certainly helpful to the growth of arenaceous plants. The technique is worthwhile to be popularized because it is provided not only a new method for desertification control but also an outlet for cleaning contaminants issued from the straw paper mills.     

Equipment failures and their contribution to industrial incidents and accidents in the manufacturing industry

Accidental events in manufacturing industries can be caused by many factors, including work methods, lack of training, equipment design, maintenance and reliability. This study is aimed at determining the contribution of failures of commonly used industrial equipment, such as machines, tools and material handling equipment, to the chain of causality of industrial accidents and incidents. Based on a case study which aimed at the analysis of an existing pulp and paper company's accident database, this paper examines the number, type and gravity of the failures involved in these events and their causes. Results from this study show that equipment failures had a major effect on the number and severity of accidents accounted for in the database: 272 out of 773 accidental events were related to equipment failure, where 13 of them had direct human consequences. Failures that contributed directly or indirectly to these events are analyzed.     

Yield and quality of charcoals from olive mill residues and its stone and pulp fractions: An enhanced comparative study

Pyrolysis is a promising way to upgrade large amounts of residues from olive oil processing into charcoal. Pyrolysis of the stone and pulp fractions needed to be investigated before conclusions could be drawn. We subjected the olive stone fraction, the pulp fraction, and a mixture of the two to dynamic pyrolysis and isothermal pyrolysis at 360°C. We characterized the charcoals resulting from isothermal pyrolysis at 360°C for different durations in terms of the fixed-carbon content (FCC), carbon content (CC), and high heating value (HHV). We found that charcoal yield from the pulp was higher than that from the stones, which were 38.1% and 32.9%, respectively, after pyrolysis for 360 min. This seemingly unexpected result was due to the high contents of ash (6.22%) and extractives (13%) in the pulp, which remained completely and partially undecomposed, respectively, in the charcoals and are accounted for when calculating yields. However, charcoals obtained from the stones were of higher quality than charcoals from the pulp, with lower ash content and higher FCC, CC, and HHV. In particular, the FCC, CC, and HHV after pyrolysis for 360 min were 73.2%, 74.4%, and 30.2 MJ/kg for the stones and only 61.8%, 63.2%, and 25.9 MJ/kg for the pulp, respectively. Depending on the required quality of the final charcoal, our results help decide whether to pyrolyse the entire olive residues or only one of the two fractions, more likely the stones.