Management of mine spoil for crop productivity with lignite fly ash and biological amendments

Long-term field trials using lignite fly ash (LFA) were carried out in rice crops during the period 1996-2000 at Mine I, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, Tamil Nadu. LFA, being alkaline and endowed with an excellent pozzolanic nature, silt loam texture, and plant nutrients, has the potential to improve the texture, fertility, and crop productivity of mine spoil. The rice crops were the first, third, fifth, and sixth crops in rotation. The other crops, such as green gram (second) and sun hemp (fourth), were grown as green manure. For experimental trials, LFA was applied at various dosages (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 t/ha), with and without press mud (10 t/ha), before cultivation of the first crop. Repeat applications of LFA were made at the same dosages in treatments of up to 50 t/ha (with and without press mud) before cultivation of the third and fifth crops. Press mud, a lightweight organic waste product from the sugar industry, was used as an organic amendment and source of plant nutrients. Also, a recommended dosage of chemical fertilizer, along with gypsum, humic acid, and biofertilizer as supplementing agents, was applied in all the treatments, including control. With one-time and repeat applications of LFA, from 5 to 20 t/ha (with and without press mud), the crop yield (grain and straw) increased significantly (p < 0.05), in the range from 3.0 to 42.0% over the corresponding control. The maximum yield was obtained with repeat applications of 20 t/ha of LFA with press mud in the third crop. The press mud enhanced the yield in the range of 1.5-10.2% with various dosages of LFA. The optimum dosage of LFA was 20 t/ha for both one-time and repeat applications. Repeat applications of LFA at lower dosages of up to 20 t/ha were more effective in increasing the yield than the corresponding one-time applications of up to 20 t/ha and repeat applications at 50 t/ha. One-time and repeat applications of LFA of up to 20 t/ha (with and without press mud), apart from increasing the yield, evinced improvement in the texture and fertility of mine spoil and the nutrient content of crop produce. Furthermore, some increase in the content of trace and heavy metals and the level of gamma-emitters in the mine spoil and crop produce was observed, but well within the permissible limits. The residual effect of LFA on succeeding crops was also encouraging in terms of eco-friendliness. Beyond 20 t/ha of LFA, the crop yield decreased significantly (p < 0.05), as a result of the formation of hardpan in the mine spoil and possibly the higher concentration of soluble salts in the LFA. However, the adverse effects of soluble salts were annulled progressively during the cultivation of succeeding crops. A plausible mechanism for the improved fertility of mine spoil and the carryover or uptake of toxic trace and heavy metals and gamma-emitters in mine spoil and crop produce is also discussed.     

粉煤灰合成沸石同步脱氨除磷特性的研究

利用粉煤灰合成沸石,研究其在同步去除氮、磷方面的特性.合成沸石对氨氮和磷酸盐的吸附净化均随时间增加而变化,但均在24h后基本达到平衡.随合成沸石投加量的增加,同步去除污水中氮磷的效果越好,但在投加量为8 g·L^-1以上时去除率的增加明显放慢.在pH为7～9时氨氮去除率最高(约60%),超过此pH范围时去除率降低.在pH 7～9范围磷去除率达最低(约为85%),超过此pH范围时去除率增加(最高达到近100%).合成沸石对氨氮的吸附为放热反应,对磷的吸附为吸热反应.不同阳离子饱和的合成沸石对氨氮的吸附顺序依次为:Al>Mg>Ca>Na>Fe,对磷的吸附顺序则为:Al>Fe>Ca>Mg>Na.合成沸石的氨氮吸附机理为阳离子交换作用,对磷的去除除化学沉淀作用外尚有吸附机制.     

焚烧飞灰熔融过程重金属迁移特性中试研究

通过中试试验研究垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程重金属Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni的迁移特性,着重研究重金属在熔渣中的固化效果,考察了温度（1 290℃、1 320℃、1 360 ℃）、助熔剂（10 %的玻璃粉）、冷却方式（水冷、空冷）对重金属固定率的影响.结果表明,温度的提高使Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni的固定率都有一定的提高;加入10%的玻璃粉使各种重金属的固定率都有显著提高,只有Zn例外;对Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni,空气冷却方式下的重金属固定率比水冷方式下的高.     

山谷型干灰场内雨水环保设计思路

针对燃煤发电厂贮灰场内雨水容易被灰渣污染的特点,以南方某电厂灰场为例,介绍了山谷型干灰场内雨水处理的环保设计思路。     

粉煤灰和生石灰对生活污水污泥脱水影响研究

通过比阻和泥饼含水率的测定,进行污泥脱水的粉煤灰(含粗、细)、生石灰投加实验。单独投加实验表明,在投量10g/100mL时,细粉煤灰(0.075mm筛下)能使比阻值降低91.8%,效果稍次于生石灰;且细粉煤灰降低泥饼含水率的效果最好。联合、单独投加对比实验表明,投量10g/100mL时,粉煤灰与生石灰以1∶1(质量比)联合投加降低比阻值达99.8%,效果好于二者单独投加;但联合投加降低泥饼含水率的效果不如单独投加粉煤灰,仅与生石灰的效果相当。     

模拟煤灰渣垂直潜流人工湿地的除磷性能分析

为确定煤灰渣作为垂直潜流人工湿地基质的可行性,通过静态吸附实验和煤灰渣去除生活污水中的磷素实验,表明煤灰渣对污水中磷素的吸附平衡时间较短,吸附速率较快.当温度降低时,煤灰渣的磷素吸附容量对吸附平衡浓度依赖性和吸附强度随之降低,最大理论吸附容量亦降低 83.10% .在处理0.5 m 3 /(m2·d)的生活污水中,煤灰渣对TP的平均去除率达86.03%,吸附方式包括物理吸附和化学吸附,同时得出煤灰渣最大磷素解析量占最大理论吸附容量的0.73%,在实际人工湿地应用中应注意磷素解析而形成的二次污染.     

预处理垃圾焚烧飞灰作为碱胶凝材料混合材的研究

试验分析了垃圾焚烧飞灰的主要化学成分及矿物组成,探讨了预处理垃圾焚烧飞灰作为碱胶凝材料混合材的可能性.研究表明,垃圾焚烧飞灰主要由黏土类矿物组成,飞灰直接作为混合材参与水化过程会产生明显膨胀现象,加入30%(质量分数)飞灰制成的矿渣/飞灰试块在成型1 d脱膜时膨胀率达到15.7%,标准养护28 d后无侧压抗压强度只有12.4 MPa.对飞灰进行热活化预处理,900℃条件下活化效果最佳,同样的飞灰掺量下,试块在标准养护28 d后无侧压抗压强度达到46.0 MPa,膨胀现象消失,且碱胶凝材料中重金属稳定性良好.     

利用粉煤灰固化含砷污泥的研究

对于As浸出率超标的硫酸废水处理系统污泥,应用固化处理可以有效降低砷浸出率。文章用水泥及粉煤灰固化冶炼厂硫酸废水中和污泥,以As的浸出率为控制指标,从时间、物料配比、pH值等方面考虑对固化块浸出率的影响,寻找粉煤灰最佳掺入量,有效降低处理成本,并尽量减少固体废物对环境的有害影响。与水泥固化相对比,采用粉煤灰固化具有更好的固化效果和明显经济效益。     

含砷污泥的粉煤灰固化研究

硫酸废水处理系统的中和污泥属于有害废渣,其中As浸出率超标.采用固化的方法处理某冶炼厂硫酸废水中和污泥,发现以水泥∶粉煤灰∶污泥=1∶1∶2的配比固化后,固化块浸出液浓度达到国标规定(1.5 mg/L).研究表明,粉煤灰替代水泥50%可达到较好的固化效果,浸泡24 d后浸出浓度达到稳定值,pH值为7时浸出浓度最小,外加剂对固化有负影响,采用湿养护可获得更好的效果.     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的形态及酸浸出性研究

研究了城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属形态在不同粒径上的分布,以及HNO3对飞灰中重金属的浸出性.结果表明:飞灰中重金属主要以残渣态存在,可交换离子态含量很少;易挥发性的重金属在较大粒径上有较高分布,亲石性重金属Cr和Ni的分布与粒径的相关性不大,在各粒径上的分布较均匀;飞灰中以碳酸盐结合态存在的重金属对酸不稳定,易被HNO3浸出,而残渣态部分对酸较稳定,不易被HNO3浸出.