Analysis of Daily Peaking and Run‐of‐River Operations with Flow Variability Metrics,Considering Subdaily to Seasonal Time Scales

Environmental flows are an important consideration in licensing hydropower projects as operational flow releases can result in adverse conditions for downstream ecological communities. Flow variability assessments have typically focused on pre‐ and post‐dam conditions using metrics based on daily averaged flow values. This study used subdaily and daily flow data to assess environmental flow response to changes in hydropower operations from daily peaking to run‐of‐river. An analysis tool was developed to quantify flow variability metrics and was applied to four hydropower projects. Significant differences were observed between operations at the 99% confidence level in the median flow values using hourly averaged flow datasets. Median daily rise and fall rates decreased on average 34.5 and 27.9%, respectively, whereas median hourly rise and fall rates decreased on average 50.1 and 50.6%, respectively. Differences in operational flow regimes were more pronounced in the hourly averaged flow datasets and less pronounced or nonexistent in the daily averaged flow datasets. These outcomes have implications for the development of ecology‐flow relationships that quantify effects of flow on processes such as fish stranding and displacement, along with habitat stability. Results indicate that flow variability statistics should be quantified using subdaily datasets to accurately represent the nature of hydropower operations, especially for daily peaking facilities.     

污水处理厂电耗分析与控制

通过对焦作污水处理厂处理工艺特点的研究,分析了其电耗的组成和重点,提出了主要耗电环节的节电措施．每月节约电费12万元。     

Effects of operational factors on soluble microbial products in a carrier anaerobic baffled reactor treating dilute wastewater

The effects of feed strength,hydraulic residence time(HRT),and operational temperatures on soluble microbial product(SMP) production were investigated,to gain insights into the production mechanism.A carrier anaerobic batfled reactor (CABR) treating dilute wastewater was operated under a wide range of operational conditions,namely,feed strengths of 300-600 mg/L,HRTs of 9-18 h,and temperatures of 10-28℃.Generally, SMP production increased with increasing feed strength and decreasing temperature.At high temperature (28℃),SMP production increased with decreasing HRT. As the temperature Was decreased to 18 and 10℃.the SMP production was at its peak for 12 h HRT Therefore,temperature could be an important determinant of SMP production along with HRT. A higher SMP to soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) ratio Was found at high temperature and long HRT because of complete volatile fatty acid degradation.SMP accounted for 50%-75% of the SCOD in the last chamber of the CABR.As a secondary metabolite.some SMP could be consumed at lower feed strength.     

Thriving on challenge stressors? Exploring time pressure and learning demands as antecedents of thriving at work

In the conceptualization of thriving at work, it is emphasized that employees' learning and vitality are two equally important components of thriving and that thriving is facilitated by contextual features and available resources. In this study, we examined the effects of two challenge stressors (time pressure and learning demands) on thriving at work. Based on the literature on challenge and hindrance stressors, we proposed that challenge stressors positively affect learning and negatively affect vitality. To uncover underlying mechanisms, we measured challenge appraisal and hindrance appraisal of work situations in a diary study. A sample of 124 knowledge workers responded to three daily surveys (before the lunch break, during the afternoon, and at the end of the workday) for a period of five workdays. Results indicate that the indirect effects of learning demands and time pressure on learning are mediated by challenge appraisal, whereas indirect effects of learning demands on vitality are mediated by hindrance appraisal. Overall, our study shows that challenge stressors have a positive total effect on learning but no total effect on vitality. These differential relationships call for a finer distinction between the two components of thriving at work in future research. Copyright © 2016 The Authors Journal of Organizational Behavior Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

海南地区新型雷电预警系统预警效率的评估与分析

基于2017年5-8月全国雷电监测定位系统ADTD探测到的闪电定位数据,根据标准IEC-62793中对雷电预警系统预警效率评估的定义,对海南地区部分雷电预警站点的预警效率进行了统计分析。海南地区新型雷电预警系统的平均有效预警率(MPOD)约为85%,高于大部分雷电预警系统的有效预警率;对闪电事件的预警率平均可达到95%,表明可以对发生在预警站点有效覆盖范围内95>的闪电提供有效预警;平均错误预警率(MFAR)约为73%,与各类预警系统相比,错误预警率偏高;预警提前期的平均值和中值分别为13.9min和9.6min。     

上向流厌氧滤池(UAF)处理城市生活污水的运行效能

采用上向流厌氧滤池(UAF)处理实际生活污水,研究中温条件下水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)对系统运行效果及优势产甲烷菌群的影响.结果表明,在35℃,HRT为24 h条件下,系统启动28 d后化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)去除率可达75%以上. HRT由24 h降至2. 5 h的过程中,COD去除率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在HRT为5h时最高,平均去除率为81. 71%,最高可达87. 18%,当降至2. 5 h后,COD去除率降至75. 12%.甲烷产率(每消耗单位质量底物产生的甲烷的量,以CH4/CODre计)及甲烷体积分数随HRT的降低而增高,HRT为2. 5h时为0. 30 L·g-1,甲烷体积分数维持在73%左右,经能耗核算后可得系统产能可满足蠕动泵能耗需求.对系统内主要的产甲烷菌进行定量分析表明,乙酸营养型产甲烷菌Methanosarcinales丰度最高,为优势菌群,随着HRT的逐渐降低,乙酸营养型和氢营养型产甲烷菌的丰度都有大幅度提高.     

提高SBR好氧颗粒污泥脱氮除磷性能的策略调控

室温下接种成熟好氧颗粒污泥于SBR反应器中,以实际生活污水为进水基质,采用梯度进水联合优化A/O/A时间配比策略以期提高污泥的脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,缺氧时间由0.5h延长至1.5h时,能同时保证脱氮除磷高效进行.此时A/O/A时间比为1:1.6:1,平均TN去除率提高至81.27%,平均TP去除率保持90%以上,平均COD去除率保持在85%以上.同时,同步硝化反硝化(SND)率降低至25.24%,缺氧吸磷比例由0.43%上升至2.81%,进而说明此A/O/A时间比下反硝化糖菌(DGAOs)的反硝化作用对脱氮的贡献增加.缺氧时间延长至2h,A/O/A时间比为3:5:4时,过度缺氧导致微生物内源呼吸和丝状菌繁殖,平均TN、TP去除率降低至51.48%、72.46%.缺氧时间为1.5h时,MLSS为3501mg/L较低,但MLVSS/MLSS(f)升高至0.95,说明淘洗掉了非功能菌,使脱氮除磷功能菌大量生长.随缺氧时间延长至1.5h,即A/O/A时间比为1:1.6:1,PN/PS增加至6.89,故颗粒稳定性不断增强,在1h以内缺氧时间延长对LB-EPS影响更大且对EPS含量影响不大,超过...     

基于SEM的双车道公路超车行为安全评价

为提高驾驶人在双车道公路上超车的安全性,基于tau理论适应性分析,提出超车过程中驾驶人不仅根据tau线索估计避碰时间,也利用距离、速度、加速度等判断超车是否安全的试验假设。招募12名受试者,应用驾驶模拟系统试验平台,依据试验假设采集12个与超车行为有关的驾驶行为数据,对其进行无量纲化处理,并利用Bootstrap法对数据进行扩增。结合驾驶行为问卷得分,利用AMOS软件,建立超车行为安全评价的结构方程模型。通过对初始假设模型进行多次修正与评价,得到影响超车行为安全的3个驾驶行为参数。结果表明,超车车辆在超车并道后的速度、与前导车之间的避碰时间及与对向车辆之间的避碰时间这3个驾驶行为参数可作为超车行为安全评价的有效指标。     

水源中央空调环境影响的生命周期评价

从原材料获取、生产加工、运行使用和废弃后处理处置 4个阶段 ,对水源中央空调按污染排放和资源能源消耗2种类型进行输入、输出清单参数以及相应生命周期环境影响潜值的统计计算与分析。以水资源和燃煤发电为基础的水源空调运行使用阶段的环境影响明显突出。水源中央空调环境影响的生命周期评价可为该产品环境绩效的改进设计提供有效的信息支持     

高效液相色谱法测定酚类化合物

根据《水和废水监测分析方法》第4版测定水中酚类化合物,通过不同淋洗梯度试验,对不同淋洗梯度对出峰时间的影响作了探讨。