中国重型柴油车后处理技术研究进展

我国柴油车（尤其是重型柴油车）污染问题突出,亟须重点控制.为此,对我国重型柴油车后处理技术的主要研究进展进行了综述与展望.结果显示:我国自柴油车国Ⅳ标准实施以来,后处理技术已经成为柴油车尾气污染控制的必备技术.目前发展出的主要后处理技术包括用于控制CO和HC排放的柴油机氧化催化剂（DOC）、用于控制PM排放的柴油颗粒捕集器（DPF）、用于控制NO_x排放的选择性催化还原技术（SCR）.我国国Ⅳ和国Ⅴ阶段主要采用SCR技术路线控制重型柴油车污染排放,而国Ⅵ阶段严苛的标准要求为柴油车污染物排放控制带来巨大挑战,需要将多种后处理技术进行耦合,并且需要将后处理系统与发动机系统进行融合.除柴油车新车外,我国在用柴油车也需要有针对性地开展污染治理,主要涉及NO_x和PM高效协同减排技术和排放在线监管技术.      

滨海陆地生态系统净化功能与价值评估——以黄骅市为例

以生态系统对环境净化的贡献为出发点,将滨海陆地生态系统净化功能价值界定为净化污染物功能价值与大气调节功能价值的总和,选取释放O2、固定CO2、净化硫化物、净化氮氧化物、净化氟化物和滞尘6大生态功能为评价指标,建立滨海陆地生态系统净化价值评估模型,以黄骅市为研究区,运用市场价值法和影子价格法对黄骅市农田、园地、草地和湿地等9类生态系统的净化价值进行评估.结果表明,黄骅市滨海陆地生态系统净化环境价值较大,总价值约为163 454万元;单位面积土地各类净化功能价值由大到小依次为释放O2价值、固定CO2价值和净化污染物价值;从各生态系统类型的单位面积净化功能价值来看,农田、园地、草地和盐碱地的释放O2功能净化价值较高,约0.67元·m-2;盐田固定CO2功能的单位面积净化价值最低,为0.01元·m-2.     

Co、Ni掺入对Pd-Rh型催化剂三效净化C_3H_8、CO、NO的影响

以堇青石质陶瓷蜂窝为第一载体,活性氧化铝和铈锆复合氧化物固溶体涂层为第二载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备系列低Pd-Rh含量的三效催化剂及Co、Ni单或双掺入样品。主要研究了Co、Ni掺入对Pd-Rh型催化剂三效净化C3H8、CO、NO活性的影响,结果表明:同时掺入Co、Ni催化剂的三效净化效果优于单独掺入Co或Ni的三效净化效果,同时掺入Co、Ni时,掺入1%Co3O4和2%Ni O的催化剂净化效果最佳;350℃时,催化脱除C3H8、CO的效率分别为100%、97%,400℃时,催化脱除NO的效率为99%。     

武河湿地主要污染源的调查与分析研究

以武河湿地为例,对注入到武河湿地的主要污染源陷泥河的水质进行调查取样,用连续流动化学分析仪对采样点的水质进行分析,通过陷泥河水中不同形态氮、磷含量分析引起该点水污染的主要污染源;最后通过对比武河湿地入口和下游的氮、磷含量,分析武河湿地降解水体污染物和净化水质的功能.结果表明:武河湿地主要污染源为工业废水和生活污水;同时表明武河湿地具有一定的降解水体污染物和净化水质的功能.     

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by eight strains of microalgae and their growth characteristics in Penaeus vannamei sewage北大核心CSCD

Microalgae are the most important primary productive forces in shrimp aquaculture systems. Microalgae not only provide oxygen and natural food for aquaculture objects, but they also absorb nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to reduce water eutrophication. However, there are great differences in N and P absorption among different strains of microalgae. To maintain the sustainable development of shrimp aquaculture, the growth performances of eight microalgal strains in Penaeus vannamei sewage and N and P removal rates were investigated under laboratory conditions. The results indicated that the eight microalgal strains could reduce the N and P content in P. vannamei sewage to some extent. Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlamydomonas sp., and Chlorella pyrenoidosa grew very well, with average growth rates of 0.309 3, 0.246 9, and 0.215 5, respectively. There were significant differences in the removal efficiency among the different strains. The removal rates of total N by M. aeruginosa, Chlamydomonas sp., and C. pyrenoidosa were 74%, 69%, and 60%, respectively, at the end of the experiment, which were higher than the other species. M. aeruginosa and Chlamydomonas sp. had better total P removal efficiency than those of the other microalgal strains and removal rates were greater than 60%, and the second highest total P removal efficiency was by C. pyrenoidosa. Different types of microalgal strains had different absorption rates of different morphological nitrogen. M. aeruginosa and Chlamydomonas sp. had the highest nitrate nitrogen removal rate (approximately 70%). Chlamydomonas sp. had a fast and persistent removal rate of ammonia nitrogen, with the removal rate being as high as 100%. The removal efficiency of M. aeruginosa and C. pyrenoidosa were a little slower, and those of Scenedesmus obliquus, Synedra sp., and Navicula graciloides were the slowest. After 16 d, the removal rate reached more than 90%. Cryptomonas obovate and C. pyrenoidosa displayed the best removal rate of nitrite nitrogen, and the removal rate reached 80% on day 8, and the removal rate of C. obovata was more persistent. These results can provide scientific reference for the orientation and use of microalgae to remove pollutants in tailings water from shrimp aquaculture systems. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Bioinspired and biomimetic membranes for water purification and chemical separation: A review

•The history of biological and artificial water channels is reviewed. •A comprehensive channel characterization platform is introduced. •Rationale designs and fabrications of biomimetic membranes are summarized. •The advantages, limitations, and challenges of biomimetic membranes are discussed. •The prospect and scalable solutions of biomimetic membranes are discussed. Bioinspired and biomimetic membranes that contain biological transport channels or attain their structural designs from biological systems have been through a remarkable development over the last two decades. They take advantage of the exceptional transport properties of those channels, thus possess both high permeability and selectivity, and have emerged as a promising solution to existing membranes. Since the discovery of biological water channel proteins aquaporins (AQPs), extensive efforts have been made to utilize them to make separation membranes–AQP-based membranes, which have been commercialized. The exploration of AQPs’ unique structures and transport properties has resulted in the evolution of biomimetic separation materials from protein-based to artificial channel-based membranes. However, large-scale, defect-free biomimetic membranes are not available yet. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art biomimetic membranes and summarizes the latest research progress, platform, and methodology. Then it critically discusses the potential routes of this emerging area toward scalable applications. We conclude that an appropriate combination of bioinspired concepts and molecular engineering with mature polymer industry may lead to scalable polymeric membranes with intrinsic selective channels, which will gain the merit of both desired selectivity and scalability.     

Fabrication of Bi-Bi3O4Cl plasmon photocatalysts for removal of aqueous emerging contaminants under visible light

Photocatalytic oxidation of emerging contaminants (ECs) in water has recently gained extensive attentions. In this study, bismuth oxychloride-based plasmon photocatalysts (Bi-Bi₃O₄Cl) exhibiting high performance were successfully developed by reducing Bi³⁺ on the surface of Bi₃O₄Cl. Consequently, the photocatalysts were used to remove ECs from water. The effects of developmental process and Bi metal plasmon resonance on the photoelectric performances of Bi-Bi₃O₄Cl were investigated through a series of characterizations. The UV-vis diffuse reflection and photoluminescence spectra revealed that the light absorption range of the photocatalyst gradually increased and the electron recombination rate gradually decreased with the introduction of Bi metals. The optimal removal rates of ciprofloxacin and tetrabromobisphenol A by Bi-Bi₃O₄Cl were 93.8% and 96.4%; the respective reaction rate constants were 5.48 and 4.93 times higher than that of Bi₃O₄Cl. The mechanism study indicated that main reactants in the photocatalytic system were •O₂⁻ radicals and photogenerated holes, and the existence of oxygen vacancies and Bi metals promoted electron transfer in photocatalyst. In conclusion, this research produces a novel, green, highly efficient, and stable visible light photocatalyst for the removal of ECs from water.