饮水型砷暴露对小鼠多系统脏器的毒性作用

为揭示饮水型砷暴露对机体的毒性,系统研究了砷摄入对实验动物基础生理和多系统脏器的毒性损伤作用.选雄性ICR小鼠为受试动物,以自由饮用含砷10 mg·L^-1的水溶液进行染毒,连续染毒60 d后检测发现,饮水砷暴露对小鼠一般体征和体重无显著影响,肝脏脏器系数显著降低,心脏、肺脏、肾脏和睾丸脏器系数降低,但无统计学意义.砷染毒组血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和谷草转氨酶（AST）活性显著升高,总胆固醇（TC）和甘油三酯（TG）含量显著升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）含量显著降低,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）含量显著升高;肝脏、小肠、心脏、肺脏、肾脏和睾丸组织中还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）活性显著降低,过氧化氢（H₂O₂）和丙二醛（MDA）含量显著升高,并出现程度不同的组织形态结构损伤.研究结果表明,饮水砷暴露可诱发实验小鼠肝脏功能异常、生理代谢紊乱,导致消化系统、循环系统、呼吸系统、泌尿系统与生殖系统等多系统脏器组织的氧化损伤和结构病变,砷暴露对机体的毒性作用存在组织器官差异性,对肝脏的损伤较严重.     

微污染水源水净化技术

论述了水源的污染现状和主要危害、微污染水源水预处理技术、深度处理技术;介绍了净水工艺的选择;指出了微污染水源水处理的发展趋势及对水源保护的对策。     

有机过氧化物生产火灾爆炸危险性分析

针对有机过氧化物自分解温度较低、反应过程易引发火灾爆炸等危险特性,采用危险与可操作分析(HAZOP)方法和事故树(FTA)分析对过氧化物生产过程中存在的火灾爆炸危险性进行分析.结果表明,有机过氧化物生产过程中低温的保证是关键,应对制冷系统进行故障类型及影响分析(FMEA),从而确保制冷系统安全可靠.     

聚合氯化铝中纳米Al13形态的分离纯化及形态表征

采用超滤法和层析法分离纯化聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al₁₃形态,并采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法、²⁷Al-NMR、TEM和粒度测定仪对分离纯化所得的Al₁₃形态进行了分析和表征.研究结果表明,超滤法分离纯化的效果受超滤膜的孔径及PAC浓度的影响,选择合适孔径的膜和PAC溶液浓度即可以获得高纯度的Al₁₃,在层析法中则随着洗脱时间延长按分子的大小依次洗脱下来,因此截取中间组分即可得到Al₁₃;Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法和²⁷Al-NMR的分析结果表明,采用上述2种方法分离提纯得到的样品中Al₁₃的含量分别可达到90%以上和100%.TEM和粒度测定结果表明,在B=2.5的PAC溶液中,Al₁₃极少以Al₁₂AlO₄(OH)₂₄(H₂O)⁷⁺₁₂的单体形态存在,而是呈两维结构的线性和枝状的聚集体,Al₁₂AlO₄(OH)₂₄(H₂O)⁷⁺₁₂的聚集体尺寸通常在几十至几百nm.     

Physiological testing of Mytilus galloprovincialis for the environmental assessing of coastal marine areas: a case study in Boka Kotorska Bay (the Adriatic Sea)

The aim of this work was to validate in the field certain measurement of the heart rate alterations of the bioindicator organism Mytilus galloprovicialis as a tool for ecotoxicological biomonitoring and assessment applications related to coastal and marine environment. The latter was determined by testing the mussels according to the method of functional loading (1-hour lowered salinity stress-exposure). The time of heart rate (HR) recovery (T_rec) and the coefficient of HR variation (CV_HR) in a group of tested animals were used as biomarkers for the assessment of their physiological state. It was found that the values of the biomarkers in mussels from our reference location were 1.3-1.5 times lower than in mussels from differently polluted coastal areas of the Bay. The study also included an investigation of the relationship between the mussel’s cardiac rhythm characteristics and the bioaccumulation of trace elements in their soft tissues, caused by chronic pollution. The conclusion was drawn that this approach to the physiological testing of mussels could be useful in developing a rapid and low-cost method for the assessment of the health of coastal ecosystems.     

四环素对微囊藻生长及光合作用的毒性效应机制

光合作用是蓝藻生长繁殖的生理基础,研究四环素胁迫下蓝藻的生长和光合作用的变化和响应,有助于揭示其作用机制。为探究四环素对微囊藻的毒性效应,对培养在0、0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0和5.0 mg·L~(-1)共7个浓度下的微囊藻的细胞数、叶绿素a含量、微囊藻光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)快速光响应曲线(RLCs)及快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线(OJIP)进行了测定。结果表明,四环素处理7 d后,微囊藻的半致死浓度(LC_(50))为(0.571±0.036) mg·L~(-1)。随着四环素浓度的增加,微囊藻生长受到抑制,叶绿素含量减少,PSⅡ中单位反应中心失活。当四环素浓度高于0.5 mg·L~(-1)时,微囊藻Q_A~-到Q_B的电子传递被抑制,造成Q_A~-大量积累,影响PSⅡ的电子受体侧。然而,在低浓度四环素处理中,以吸收光能为基础的性能指数(PI_(ABS))、用于电子传递的量子产额(φ_(Eo))和最大光化学效率(φ_(Po))显著升高,用于热耗散的量子比率(φ_(Do))显著降低。这些结果表明,低浓度四环素处理时,微囊藻能通过自身调节改变PSⅡ中能量配置,改变电子传递速率,提高光合效率,从而应对低浓度四环素胁迫,而当四环素浓度较高时,微囊藻的光合作用显著降低,生长受到抑制。     

Medical aspects of volcanic disasters: An outline of the hazards and emergency response measures

The health and safety hazards posed by volcanic eruptions are outlined with special reference to experience gained from the eruptions of Mount St. Helens in 1980. The ability of volcanologists to predict the timing and the impact on local communities of an impending eruption are limited, some recent devastating eruptions having occurred without apparent warning. With the expansion of world populations into hazardous volcanic areas there is a growing need to develop appropriate emergency response measures. This paper describes the main preventive public and occupational health measures that are now a necessary part in dealing with volcanic emergencies.     

水生植物复合系统处理富营养化水体的初步研究

根据水生植物不同的生活型,设计建造了由漂浮、浮叶植物组成的水生植物复合生态系统,并在洋河水库进行了动态模拟试验,从群落水平研究了多种水生植物镶嵌组合的复合系统对富营养化水体的净化效果.结果表明:富营养化水体在流经该系统之后水中的TN、TP、NH4 -N、NO3--N、PO43--P被有效地去除,对藻类也有很好抑制、截留作用,使水质和水体透明度得到改善.通过实践,水力停留时间3d时对水体有较好的净化效果.     

水库型滑坡灾害综合灾情评价模型研究

分析了滑坡事件的成灾机理,认为滑坡的灾害效应包含孕育灾害的自然环境、社会环境和自然-滑坡体-社会相互作用系统.在此基础上,将滑坡灾害综合灾情评价结构体系分为危险性评价、易损性评价、破坏损失评价、防灾减灾工程评价四个部分.针对水库型点源滑坡,建立了综合灾情评价的连续函数模型.     

Health and safety implications of alternative energy technologies. II. Solar

No energy technology is risk free when all aspects of its utilization are taken into account. Every energy technology has some attendant direct and indirect health and safety concerns. Solar technologies examined in this paper are wind, ocean thermal energy gradients, passive, photovoltaic, satellite power systems, low- and high-temperature collectors, and central power stations, as well as tidal power. For many of these technologies, insufficient historical data are available from which to assess the health risks and environmental impacts. However, their similarities to other projects make certain predictions possible. For example, anticipated problems in worker safety in constructing ocean thermal energy conversion systems will be similar to those associated with other large-scale construction projects, like deep-sea oil drilling platforms. Occupational hazards associated with photovoltaic plant operation would be those associated with normal electricity generation, although for workers involved in the actual production of photovoltaic materials, there is some concern for the toxic effects of the materials used, including silicon, cadmium, and gallium arsenide.Satellite power systems have several unique risks. These include the effects of long-term space travel for construction workers, effects on the ozone layer and the attendant risk of skin cancer in the general public, and the as-yet-undetermined effects of long-term, low-level microwave exposure. Hazards may arise from three sources in solar heating and cooling systems: water contamination from corrosion inhibitors, heat transfer fluids, and bactericides; collector over-heating, fires, and out-gassing and handling and disposal of system fluids and wastes. Similar concerns exist for solar thermal power systems. Even passive solar systems may increase indoor exposure levels to various air pollutants and toxic substances, eitherdirectly from the solar system itself or indirectly by trapping released pollutants from furnishings, building materials, and indoor combustion.Operated by Union Carbide Corporation under contract W-7405-eng-26 for the U.S. Department of Energy.