改性矿物吸附剂抗菌作用

通过对蒙脱石、沸石和蛭石进行改性处理,研究了三者对大肠杆菌（E．coB）和猪链球菌（S．suis）的抗菌作用。结果发现,经过改性处理后三者对细菌的抗菌能力上升,其中以双十八烷基二甲基溴化铵改性蒙脱石（DODMAB．MMT）的抗菌效果最好,对E．coli和S．suis的抗菌率达到95％以上。研究了DODMAB—MMT在体外对E．coli和S．suis的抗菌规律,以及对土壤中微生物的影响。结果表明,同等菌液浓度条件下,DODMAB—MMT对S．suis的抗菌效果好于E．coli。介质温度、pH值和有机物浓度都会对DODMAB—MMT的抗菌效果产生影响,在一定范围内,介质温度越高、pH值偏离中性、有机物含量越低时,抗菌效果越好。低浓度DODMAB—MMT（〈25rtlg／g土壤）对土壤中E．coli和S．suis基本无抗菌作用,高浓度DODMAB—MMT对土壤中的E．coli和S．suis具有抗菌作用。     

环境规制对区域技术创新影响的门槛效应

实现环境规制和经济增长之间"双赢"的关键在于环境规制能否促进企业技术创新。本文在环境规制强度和企业技术创新之间构建了数理模型,并基于区域异质性假定检验了我国环境规制与技术创新的非线性关系并确定了环境规制的最优规制水平。研究表明:环境规制强度与技术创新是非线性的。在强度维度上,环境规制强度和企业技术创新之间符合"U"型关系,即随着环境规制强度的由弱变强,对企业技术创新产生先降低后提高的影响。环境规制的创新效应还取决于经济发展水平的变量。经济发展水平则存在双门槛,经济发展水平跨越的门槛值越高,环境规制对技术创新的促进作用越显著。本文政策涵义明显:政府切忌走入盲目提高环境规制强度的误区,应根据各区域现实特点,有针对性地制定差异化的环境规制强度和标准,并注重滚动修订,及时调整至最优水平。     

土壤-植物系统中磷和砷相互作用关系的研究进展

砷元素导致的环境污染问题日益突出,施磷已成为植物修复砷污染土壤过程中必要强化措施之一。土壤-植物系统中磷和砷的相互作用关系是非常复杂的,研究表明：磷和砷在土壤中往往是共生的,但又存在竞争吸附关系;磷和砷在不同植物中的相互作用关系主要有拮抗效应和协同效应;有必要通过分子生物学手段对磷和砷表达基理进行深入研究,获得对砷具有超积累能力的植株。     

油气田工程职业病危害控制效果评价常见问题与对策

根据建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价技术导则要求,通过对油气田地面工程职业病危害控制效果评价及职业病防护设施竣工验收的实践经验,归纳评价过程中现场调查及检测常见的实际问题及难点,总结经验,探讨解决对策,使油气田建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价更加科学、公正、客观、真实。     

铬酸钾和亚硝酸钠复合阻锈性能研究

在10%(wt)的氯化钠溶液中对不同浓度的铬酸钾、亚硝酸钠及其复配阻锈剂进行阻锈实验,采取失重法考察它对钢筋的阻锈性能。结果表明,铬酸钾的阻锈性能优于亚硝酸钠,主要是由于铬酸根离子对原电池阴阳两极反应的抑制作用较强;缓蚀剂浓度越高,缓蚀效果越好。两种缓蚀剂混合使用的效果比单独使用效果更好,这主要是它们能产生协同效应,降低阴极和阳极的活性,在钢筋上产生持续的保护膜。     

Climate Policy to Defeat the Green Paradox

Carbon dioxide emissions have accelerated since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol. This discouraging development may partly be blamed on accelerating world growth and on lags in policy instruments. However, it also raises serious question concerning whether policies to reduce CO₂ emissions are as effective as generally assumed. In recent years, a considerable number of studies have identified various feedback mechanisms of climate policies that often erode, and occasionally reinforce, their effectiveness. These studies generally focus on a few feedback mechanisms at a time, without capturing the entire effect. Partial accounting of policy feedbacks is common in many climate scenarios. The IPCC, for example, only accounts for direct leakage and rebound effects. This article attempts to map the aggregate effects of different types of climate policy feedback mechanisms in a cohesive framework. Controlling feedback effects is essential if the policy measures are to make any difference on a global level. A general conclusion is that aggregate policy feedback mechanisms tend to make current climate policies much less effective than is generally assumed. In fact, various policy measures involve a definite risk of ‘backfiring’ and actually increasing CO₂ emissions. This risk is particularly pronounced once effects of climate policies on the pace of innovation in climate technology are considered. To stand any chance of controlling carbon emissions, it is imperative that feedback mechanisms are integrated into emission scenarios, targets for emission reduction and implementation of climate policy. In many cases, this will reduce the scope for subsidies to renewable energy sources, but increase the scope for other measures such as schemes to return carbon dioxide to the ground and to mitigate emissions of greenhouse gases from wetlands and oceans. A framework that incorporates policy feedback effects necessitates rethinking the design of the national and regional emission targets. This leads us to a new way of formulating emission targets that include feedback effects, the global impact target. Once the full climate policy feedback mechanisms are accounted for, there are probably only three main routes in climate policy that stand a chance of mitigating global warming: (a) returning carbon to the ground, (b) technological leaps in zero-emission energy technology that make it profitable to leave much carbon in the ground even in Annex II countries and (c) international agreements that make it more profitable to leave carbon in the ground or in forests.     

Effect of gender on physiological and behavioural responses of Gammarus roeseli (Crustacea Amphipoda) to salinity and temperature

The importance of potentially interacting factors in organisms responses to a stress are often ignored or underestimated in ecotoxicology. In laboratory experiments we investigated how gender, temperature and age influence the behaviour and the physiology of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus roeseli under salinity stress. Our results revealed a significant higher sensitivity of females in survival, ventilation and ionoregulation whereas no inter-age differences were reported. Water temperature also exerted a significant effect in survival and ventilation of G. roeseli. Some of those factors appeared to interact significantly. This study provides evidence that gender can affect organisms responses to a stressor and consequently has to be considered while assessing a stress impact. We discussed the potential relationships between biological and behavioural responses.     

剩余污泥减量化工艺条件优化研究

运用超声处理连续流活性污泥系统中不同种类的污泥,并将其回流至原系统中,研究其剩余污泥减量化效果。按正交实验设计并进行试验,确定最优工艺条件。结果表明:当声能密度为0.6 W/mL,作用时间为5 min,超声污泥为混合污泥,回流比为7∶120时,减量效果最佳。且在该条件下经一周期的运行,污泥减量效果达到96.24%,COD由进水的830 mg/L降至44 mg/L,NH4+-N和TN分别由进水的62.43 mg/L和103.19 mg/L,降解到2.31 mg/L和6.52 mg/L,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级排放标准。     

Risk assessment of xenoestrogens in a typical domestic sewage-holding lake in China

Release of domestic sewage leads to accumulation of xenoestrogens in holding waters, especially in closed or semi-enclosed waters such as lakes. In the study, the occurrence, distribution, estrogenic activity and risk of eight xenoestreogens were evaluated in Lake Donghu, China. Nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), and bisphenol A (BPA) were identified as the main xenoestrogens ranging from tens of ng L⁻¹ (in the surface water) or ng g⁻¹ dw (in the suspended particles and sediment) to tens of μg L⁻¹ or μg g⁻¹ dw. The sum of 17β-estradiol equivalents (∑EEQs) ranged from 0.32 to 45.02 ng L⁻¹ in the surface water, 0.53 to 71.86 ng g⁻¹ dw in the suspended particles, and 0.09 to 24.73 ng g⁻¹ dw in the sediment. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) was determined as the main contributor to ∑EEQs followed by NP. The risk assessment showed a higher risk in the surface water than in the suspended particles and sediment in such domestic sewage-holding lake.     

质子化壳聚糖的除磷性能

壳聚糖是一类无毒无害的天然高分子絮凝剂,为了提高壳聚糖在污水处理中的除磷性能,采用硫酸溶液对壳聚糖进行质子化改性;考察了质子化度(硫酸溶液pH值)、吸附时间以及原水pH值对除磷效率的影响。研究结果表明,质子化度越大,总磷去除效率越高;在吸附时间为40～50 min的范围内,总磷去除率最大;原水pH值对质子化壳聚糖的总磷去除效率有明显影响,在质子化度较低时(硫酸溶液pH值≥3),随着原水pH值的增加,总磷去除率降低,在质子化度较高时(硫酸溶液pH值=2),在原水pH=6时,总磷去除率最大;质子化壳聚糖的吸附过程较好地遵循Lagergren准二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温方程,吸附热力学参数ΔH<0,ΔG<0,ΔS<0,吸附过程表现为放热、自发的单分子层化学吸附过程。