An advanced anaerobic biofilter with effluent recirculation for phenol removal and methane production in treatment of coal gasification wastewater

An advanced anaerobic biofilter (AF) was introduced for the treatment of coal gasification wastewater (CGW), and effluent recirculation was adopted to enhance phenol removal and methane production. The results indicated that AF was reliable in treating diluted CGW, while its efficiency and stability were seriously reduced when directly treating raw CGW. However, its performance could be greatly enhanced by effluent recirculation. Under optimal effluent recirculation of 0.5 to the influent, concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phenol in the effluent could reach as low as 234.0 and 14.2 mg/L, respectively. Also, the rate of methane production reached 169.0 mL CH₄/L/day. Though CGW seemed to restrain the growth of anaerobic microorganisms, especially methanogens, the inhibition was temporary and reversible, and anaerobic bacteria presented strong tolerance. The activities of methanogens cultivated in CGW could quickly recover on feeding with glucose wastewater (GW). However, the adaptability of anaerobic bacteria to the CGW was very poor and the activity of methanogens could not be improved by long-term domestication. By analysis using the Haldane model, it was further confirmed that high effluent recirculation could result in high activity for hydrolytic bacteria and substrate affinity for toxic matters, but only suitable effluent recirculation could result in high methanogenic activity.     

基于微波热解技术的竹炭、竹醋生产设备研究

基于现有竹炭、竹醋生产工艺流程及工业技术水平,设计了一套具有创新性的竹炭、竹醋生产设备,并给出了设备完整的结构以及包括微波源功率在内的关键制造参数.该设备首次引入微波热解技术代替传统的燃烧加热方法,同时窑炉整体设计遵循节约生产空间、原料充分转化、废气废渣循环处理、热量多级利用、全封闭式生产、自动化控制等节能、环保、高效的思想.此外,在对微波源的设计上依据多源溃能理论,采用以小功率磁控管组合代替大功率磁控管设计,从而大幅降低设备的制造成本,提高微波源的使用寿命及工作稳定性.     

Differences in physical properties and CO2 gasification reactivity between coal char and petroleum coke

This paper mainly investigated the physical properties and gasification reactivity of coal char and petroleum coke, separately at the high temperature pyrolysis (950–1400 °C) with slow heating rate and pyrolysis pressure of the atmospheric pressure and at the pressurized pyrolysis (the atmospheric pressure to 3 MPa) with rapid heating rate and the pyrolysis temperature of 950 °C. Some significant differences in those between coal chars and petroleum coke were found. The high temperature pyrolysis caused more easily the graphitization of petroleum coke than that of coal char, especially in the higher temperature range. The increasing pyrolysis temperature resulted in the decrease of surface areas of coal char and the increase of surface areas of petroleum coke. As the pyrolysis pressure was elevated from the atmospheric pressure to 3 MPa, surface areas of petroleum coke initially increased and then decreased, while those of coal chars presented an opposite tendency. The increasing pyrolysis temperature was adverse to the gasification activity of coal chars and was favorable for the gasification activity of petroleum coke. Also, the effects of the pyrolysis pressure on the gasification activity of coal char and petroleum coke were significantly different. The gasification activity of petroleum coke was obviously lower than that of coal chars, and even lower than that of the natural graphite.     

Thermal valorization of post-consumer film waste in a bubbling bed gasifier

The use of plastic bags and film packaging is very frequent in manifold sectors and film waste is usually present in different sources of municipal and industrial wastes. A significant part of it is not suitable for mechanical recycling but could be safely transformed into a valuable gas by means of thermal valorization. In this research, the gasification of film wastes has been experimentally investigated through experiments in a fluidized bed reactor of two reference polymers, polyethylene and polypropylene, and actual post-consumer film waste. After a complete experimental characterization of the three materials, several gasification experiments have been performed to analyze the influence of the fuel and of equivalence ratio on gas production and composition, on tar generation and on efficiency. The experiments prove that film waste and analogue polymer derived wastes can be successfully gasified in a fluidized bed reactor, yielding a gas with a higher heating value in a range from 3.6 to 5.6 MJ/m³ and cold gas efficiencies up to 60%.     

醇酸清漆对典型装饰木材燃烧特性和生烟特性的影响

为了探讨醇酸清漆对典型装饰木材火灾危险性的影响,利用热重分析、差热分析、木垛法、隧道法和塑料烟密度仪对装饰木材的燃烧性能、热解特性和生烟特性进行了分析。结果表明,木材及其表面涂覆的醇酸清漆主要热失重发生在200~500℃,其中木材的热解过程为先吸热、后放热的过程,而醇酸清漆为吸热过程。与未涂覆清漆的木材相比,清漆使木材在燃烧过程中质量损失、有焰燃烧时间及火焰传播比值明显增加。同时,醇酸清漆的烯烃结构和苯环结构还导致木材的比光密度、质量光密度增大,烟气危害增大,从而进一步增大了火灾危险性。此外,装饰木材的生烟特性还受火焰条件和辐射功率的影响,高辐射功率和有焰条件下材料的比光密度和质量光密度均较低。     

超临界水气化处理对脱水污泥中重金属环境风险的影响

为探究超临界水气化前后脱水污泥中重金属的变化及生态风险,从重金属(Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr)的含量、化学形态分布及浸出毒性等多方面出发,利用地层累积指数(Igeo)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)和风险评估指数法(RAC)对江苏地区10种不同种脱水污泥超临界水气化前后重金属的环境生态风险进行综合评价.结果表明:不同污水厂脱水污泥经超临界水气化处理后,绝大部分污泥中重金属浸出毒性和生物可利用组分重金属含量明显降低,即处理后重金属的直接环境风险大大降低.不同重金属含量的脱水污泥经超临界水气化处理后,重金属环境污染程度及潜在生态风险程度显著降低,环境风险值被降至相对安全水平,对环境表现出低风险或无风险.p H值在一定程度上影响处理后污泥中重金属的环境风险.超临界处理时,污泥的p H呈现酸性时会引起反应釜腐蚀,从而导致固相残渣中Ni、Cr的生物可利用组分含量增加,当p H呈现碱性时则更利于重金属以稳定形态富集到固相产物中.     

NaOH碱促热解磷酸铵镁产物沉氨性能研究

药剂费用过高是阻碍磷酸铵镁结晶技术应用的难题之一,通过磷酸铵镁热解产物循环沉氨可降低药剂费用.但湿法热解会生成热稳定性更好的NH4MgPO4·H2O,从而增加了磷酸铵镁热解的能耗.采用干法热解时,由于不引入额外的水分子,可以降低磷酸铵镁的热解温度.同时,在磷酸铰镁热解过程中加入NaOH碱促试剂,可有效促进磷酸铵镁释放NH4+,提高热解产物的沉氨效率,但同时上清液磷酸盐残留量也随NaOH添加量和热解温度提高而增加.热解温度为110℃时,直接热解产物沉氨效率为84％,而NaOH碱促热解产物沉氨率达到87％(NaOH与NH4+物质的量比为1:1),但此时上清液磷酸盐残留质量浓度达到2.3 mg/L,略高于GB 8978-1996《国家污水综合排放标准》的1.0 mg/L,方便废水的后续处理.     

Advanced treatment of biologically pretreated coal gasification wastewater by a novel heterogeneous Fenton oxidation process

Sewage sludge from a biological wastewater treatment plant was converted into sewage sludge based activated carbon(SBAC) with Zn Cl2 as activation agent, which was used as a support for ferric oxides to form a catalyst(Fe Ox/SBAC) by a simple impregnation method.The new material was then used to improve the performance of Fenton oxidation of real biologically pretreated coal gasification wastewater(CGW). The results indicated that the prepared Fe Ox/SBAC significantly enhanced the pollutant removal performance in the Fenton process, so that the treated wastewater was more biodegradable and less toxic. The best performance was obtained over a wide p H range from 2 to 7, temperature 30°C, 15 mg/L of H2O2 and 1 g/L of catalyst, and the treated effluent concentrations of COD, total phenols,BOD5 and TOC all met the discharge limits in China. Meanwhile, on the basis of significant inhibition by a radical scavenger in the heterogeneous Fenton process as well as the evolution of FT-IR spectra of pollutant-saturated Fe Ox/BAC with and without H2O2, it was deduced that the catalytic activity was responsible for generating hydroxyl radicals, and a possible reaction pathway and interface mechanism were proposed. Moreover, Fe Ox/SBAC showed superior stability over five successive oxidation runs. Thus, heterogeneous Fenton oxidation of biologically pretreated CGW by Fe Ox/SBAC, with the advantages of being economical, efficient and sustainable, holds promise for engineering application.     

Nitrogen removal from coal gasification wastewater by activated carbon technologies combined with short-cut nitrogen removal process

A system combining granular activated carbon and powdered activated carbon technologies along with shortcut biological nitrogen removal （GAC-PACT-SBNR） was developed to enhance total nitrogen （TN） removal for anaerobically treated coal gasification wastewater with less need for external carbon resources. The TN removal efficiency in SBNR was significantly improved by introducing the effluent from the GAC process into SBNR during the anoxic stage, with removal percentage increasing from 43.8%49.6% to 68.8%-75.8%. However, the TN removal rate decreased with the progressive deterioration of GAC adsorption. After adding activated sludge to the GAG compartment, the granular carbon had a longer service-life and the demand for external carbon resources became lower. Eventually, the TN removal rate in SBNR was almost constant at approx. 43.3%, as compared to approx. 20.0% before seeding with sludge. In addition, the production of some alkalinity during the denitrification resulted in a net savings in alkalinity requirements for the nitrification reaction and refractory chemical oxygen demand （COD） degradation by autotrophic bacteria in SBNR under oxic conditions. PACT showed excellent resilience to increasing organic loadings. The microbial community analysis revealed that the PACT had a greater variety of bacterial taxons and the dominant species associated with the three compartments were in good agreement with the removal of typical pollutants. The study demonstrated that pre-adsorption by the GAC-sludge process could be a technically and economically feasible method to enhance TN removal in coal gasification wastewater （CGW）.     

煤制气废水处理技术研究进展综述

基于中国能源结构特点,新型煤化工产业近年来得到大力推进,尤其煤制气项目发展迅速,而煤化工废水处理及综合利用成为限制其发展的瓶颈因素之一。文中介绍了煤制气废水来源、特点、处理难度,依照煤制气废水的常规处理流程,从预处理、生化处理、深度处理三个方面详细介绍国内外煤制气废水处理应用实例及技术研究现状,指出废水处理关键问题,为解决煤制气产业废水治理问题提供参考。