垃圾站垃圾定量出料系统研究与设计

通过对垃圾站内垃圾出料现状的分析及不同出料方式的比较,确定了垃圾出料口出料系统的设计方案,提出了一种全新的出料方式,解决了垃圾站内垃圾定量出料问题。     

Generation of Ensemble Streamflow Forecasts Using an Enhanced Version of the Snowmelt Runoff Model1

Harshburger, Brian J., Von P. Walden, Karen S. Humes, Brandon C. Moore, Troy R. Blandford, and Albert Rango, 2012. Generation of Ensemble Streamflow Forecasts Using an Enhanced Version of the Snowmelt Runoff Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(4): 643‐655. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00642.x Abstract: As water demand increases in the western United States, so does the need for accurate streamflow forecasts. We describe a method for generating ensemble streamflow forecasts (1‐15 days) using an enhanced version of the snowmelt runoff model (SRM). Forecasts are produced for three snowmelt‐dominated basins in Idaho. Model inputs are derived from meteorological forecasts, snow cover imagery, and surface observations from Snowpack Telemetry stations. The model performed well at lead times up to 7 days, but has significant predictability out to 15 days. The timing of peak flow and the streamflow volume are captured well by the model, but the peak‐flow value is typically low. The model performance was assessed by computing the coefficient of determination (R²), percentage of volume difference (Dv%), and a skill score that quantifies the usefulness of the forecasts relative to climatology. The average R² value for the mean ensemble is >0.8 for all three basins for lead times up to seven days. The Dv% is fairly unbiased (within ±10%) out to seven days in two of the basins, but the model underpredicts Dv% in the third. The average skill scores for all basins are >0.6 for lead times up to seven days, indicating that the ensemble model outperforms climatology. These results validate the usefulness of the ensemble forecasting approach for basins of this type, suggesting that the ensemble version of SRM might be applied successfully to other basins in the Intermountain West.     

连续流SNAD工艺处理猪场沼液启动过程中微生物种群演变及脱氮性能

为了实现合建式连续流同步部分亚硝化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化SNAD(simultaneous partial nitrification,ANAMMOX,and denitrification)工艺处理实际猪场沼液,保持温度为(30±1)℃,控制溶解氧(DO)为(0.4±0.1)mg·L~(-1),首先通过逐步提高模拟进水氨氮浓度来实现SNAD工艺的启动,然后实现SNAD工艺处理实际猪场沼液的稳定运行.同时,采用高通量测序和实时定量PCR(qPCR)技术对反应器启动前后及沼液替换成功时关键生物种群进行分析.结果表明,150 d左右可实现SNAD工艺的启动, 298 d完成实际沼液的替换,其出水(NO~-_3-N+NO~-_2-N)/ΔNH~+_4-N小于0.11,对NH~+_4-N和TN的平均去除率为63.26%和55.71%.高通量测序结果表明,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi,相对丰度50.78%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 13.34%)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes, 9.26%)是沼液替换成功时污泥中的优势菌门;主要优势脱氮菌属Nitrosomonas的相对丰度由启动前1.55%增加到1.98%;两类具有厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)功能菌Candidatus_Brocadia和Candidatus_Kuenenia的相对丰度分别从启动前0.01%和未检出(0.01%)增加到4.66%和4.18%;Denitratisoma作为主要的反硝化菌,丰度由启动前未检出(0.01%)增加到2.06%.qPCR结果表明,与接种污泥相比,沼液替换成功后AOB、ANAMMOX菌和反硝化菌的含量均有明显增加.将SNAD工艺用于实际猪场沼液处理,可实现高效稳定脱氮,节约后续处理成本.     

大气污染事故中便携气相色谱测定苯胺的方法研究

快速气体分析仪在环境突发事故中起着重要作用,本研究利用ZNOSE快速气体分析仪,对苯胺气体标准样品以及模拟实际大气样品的气体进行分析,探讨了污染事故中苯胺快速测定方法,并对快速气体分析仪在苯胺污染事故中的适用性进行评定。测定结果表明该方法对苯胺气体样品具有高的灵敏度和快速响应,并对检出物具有非选择性和可变检出限。采在事先做好样品标准谱图的情况下,用ZNOSE快速气体分析仪可以在短时间内确定大气环境中的苯胺及其浓度,能满足环境污染实时监测的需求,尤其是处理环境污染事故。     

Abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in response to various habitats in Pearl River Delta of China, a subtropical maritime zone

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are widely considered key to ammonia oxidation in various environments. However, little work has been conducted to simultaneously investigate the abundance and diversity of AOA as well as correlations between archaeal amoA genotypes and environmental parameters of different ecosystems at one district. To understand the abundance, diversity, and distribution of AOA in Pearl River Delta of China in response to various habitats, the archaeal amoA genes in soil, marine, river, lake, hot spring and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) samples were investigated using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and clone libraries. Our analyses indicated that the diversity of AOA in various habitats was different and could be clustered into five major clades, i.e., estuary sediment, marine water/sediment, soil, hot spring and Cluster 1. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the structure of AOA communities in similar ecological habitats exhibited strong relation. The canonical correspondence method indicated that the AOA community structure was strongly correlated to temperature, pH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and dissolved oxygen variables. Assessing AOA amoA gene copy numbers, ranging from 6.84×10⁶ to 9.45×10⁷ copies/g in dry soil/sediment, and 6.06×10⁶ to 2.41×10⁷ copies/L in water samples, were higher than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) by 1-2 orders of magnitude. However, AOA amoA copy numbers were much lower than AOB in WWTP activated sludge samples. Overall, these studies suggested that AOA may be a major contributor to ammonia oxidation in natural habitats but play a minor role in highly aerated activated sludge. The result also showed the ratio of AOA to AOB amoA gene abundance was positively correlated with temperature and less correlated with other environmental parameters. New data from our study provide increasing evidence for the relative abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in the global nitrogen cycle.     

海上风机可靠性评估

依据国内外相关可靠性设计标准以及IEC 61400系列风力发电机组开发标准,结合XE-5 MW海上风机设计开发,建立了整套的海上风力发电机组可靠性设计评估流程,制定了适用于海上风力发电机组工程研发的可靠性建模、可靠性分配、可靠性预计、FMECA和FTA的分析方法,并以上述可靠性设计评估流程和方法对XE-5 MW海上风机开展了可靠性定性和定量评估。     

氯/氯胺和紫外顺序消毒对管网抗性基因的去除

为探究供水系统中氯/氯胺与低压紫外顺序消毒对抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)分布特征的影响,采用生物膜反应器模拟供水管网,对管网出水和生物膜进行60mJ/cm²低压紫外线(254nm)消毒,并利用高通量定量PCR技术检测模拟管网进、出水及生物膜内的典型ARGs和遗传原件(MGEs).结果表明,管网反应器运行150d,氯和氯胺管网出水ARGs总相对丰度分别为0.13和0.137,生物膜ARGs分别为2.45和0.277,表明供水管网中低剂量的氯或氯胺可有效降低水相和生物膜相中ARGs的相对丰度达90%,且氯胺消毒对生物膜中的ARGs控制作用更显著.氯和氯胺消毒后管网出水再经低压紫外线照射后,ARGs相对丰度分别为0.0682和0.0537,管网生物膜中ARGs的相对丰度分别为2.01和0.194.ARGs与MGEs间的相关性发生显著变化,转座子与strB和mepA的相关性增强,与ermX和tetM相关性减弱,而整合子与acrF、cmlA1-01、oprJ及tolC-01的相关性增强.研究表明,将紫外线消毒工艺设置在用水终端可以显著降低氯和氯胺管网水中ARGs丰度,但对管网生物膜中的ARGs影响较小.     

颗粒+絮体污泥CANON工艺的启动与SRT影响研究

为缩短工程应用中CANON工艺的启动时间及指导实际工程排泥控制,利用两个相同规格的SBR反应器接种不同比例厌氧氨氧化(anaerbic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)颗粒污泥,研究了CANNON工艺启动规律与不同絮体SRT对工艺运行的影响.试验过程中,温度控制在30℃±1℃,pH 7~8.结果表明,接种5%和10%ANAMMOX颗粒污泥的两反应器在初始FA浓度大于44 mg·L~(-1)条件下,不利于工艺的快速启动.接种15%和20%ANAMMOX颗粒污泥的两反应器,分别在运行的第46 d和35 d成功启动了CANON工艺.当絮体SRT分别为30 d、90 d和不主动排泥时,系统总氮去除负荷均能维持在0.35kg·(m3·d)-1;定量PCR数据显示,随污泥龄的延长,AOB丰度相对稳定,ANAMMOX菌丰度略有增加,但是NOB丰度显著增加.因此,选择性地排出絮体有利于NOB的淘洗和系统的长期运行稳定性.     

盐生杜氏藻烯醇酶基因启动子的克隆分析及胁迫转录应答

为了解盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)烯醇酶(Enolase)在渗透耐受中的具体功能,利用基因组步行方法和巢式PCR,从D.salina中克隆了烯醇酶基因DsENO 5’上游约2 000 bp的调控序列,并对其进行序列分析.分析表明,它包含多个与转录调控有关的保守序列(如CAAT-box,TATA-box),富含光﹑干旱及其它胁迫应答元件.利用实时荧光定量PCR的方法,研究了高渗﹑高温以及低温外界胁迫条件下DsENO的转录情况,发现其受高渗强烈抑制,高温显著诱导而低温微弱诱导.