北江河水中抗生素抗性基因污染初步研究（Preliminary Studies on the Pollution Levels of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Water of Beijiang River, South China）

环境中细菌的耐药性,尤其是对抗生素的耐药性已成为影响生态环境的重要因素.论文采用抗生素抗性平板法调查了北江河水中四环素、红霉素及磺胺类这3类抗生素耐药性细菌的存在,采用定性PCR及荧光定量PCR方法分别研究了该水域sul1和sul2这2种磺胺类抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的存在和含量水平.结果表明,所采集北江水域的9个样品中有5个对四环素有耐药性,7个对红霉素有耐药性,8个对磺胺二甲嘧啶有耐药性;定性PCR实验并经基因测序结果证实,5个样品含有sul1,4个样品含有sul2.进一步的PCR定量分析结果显示,7个样品中均检出sul1和sul2磺胺抗性基因,它们与内对照基因16S-rRNA表达量比值分别在10-2.56~10-0.52及10-3.25~10-1.24范围内,该结果显著高于美国科罗拉多州北部河流的研究结果.此外,数据分析也发现,sul1和sul2磺胺抗性基因的含量水平与该区域水中磺胺含量分布具有一定的相关性,表明外源性抗生素对河流的污染是诱导抗性基因的重要因素.     

抗除草剂转基因作物实时荧光定量PC检测

建立了一种以SYBR Green Ⅰ为结合染料、快速准确检测转抗除草剂基因成分的实时荧光定量PCR方法.以转基因大豆与转基因玉米标准品为材料,通过使用特异性引物和SYBR Green Ⅰ结合染料实时荧光定量PCR技术,对转基因农作物中外源抗除草剂基因进行了定量检测,绘制了两种基因扩增的标准曲线图,根据标准曲线方程计算外源基因含量;并作了溶解曲线、检测方法检测灵敏度和精密度的分析.研究发现,两者标准曲线方程线性关系良好.R~2 值分别达到0.993 9与0.992 4.通过已知标准品进行验证,实测值与真值接近,与实际含量的相埘偏差是6.52%和7.90%.结果表明,SYBR Green Ⅰ结合染料法完全可以用于转基因农作物定量PCR检测.图5表2参11     

陕西省生态城市建设评价指标体系

从陕西省各城市的社会状况和地域情况入手,选择和构建了适合陕西省自身情况的生态城市指标评价体系,并进一步建立了描述城市生态系统发展状况的标准化处理方法和计算方法,最后使用以上方法,对陕西省2008年的生态城市建设进行综合分析和评价。结果表明:陕西省10个城市的生态城市建设基本可以分为3类,其中西安等3个城市生态建设水平较高;铜川市等5个城市生态建设水平一般;延安市等2个城市生态城市建设水平较低。各个城市都应该依照自身情况明确生态建设的发展方向,制定生态建设方案,大力开展城市生态建设,从而使整个陕西省生态实现一体化发展。     

Food site residence time and female competitive relationships in wild gray-cheeked mangabeys (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lophocebus albigena</Emphasis>)

Authors of socioecological models propose that food distribution affects female social relationships in that clumped food resources, such as fruit, result in strong dominance hierarchies and favor coalition formation with female relatives. A number of Old World monkey species have been used to test predictions of the socioecological models. However, arboreal forest-living Old World monkeys have been understudied in this regard, and it is legitimate to ask whether predominantly arboreal primates living in tropical forests exhibit similar or different patterns of behavior. Therefore, the goal of our study was to investigate female dominance relationships in relation to food in gray-cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena). Since gray-cheeked mangabeys are largely frugivorous, we predicted that females would have linear dominance hierarchies and form coalitions. In addition, recent studies suggest that long food site residence time is another important factor in eliciting competitive interactions. Therefore, we also predicted that when foods had long site residence times, higher-ranking females would be able to spend longer at the resource than lower-ranking females. Analyses showed that coalitions were rare relative to some other Old World primate species, but females had linear dominance hierarchies. We found that, contrary to expectation, fruit was not associated with more agonism and did not involve long site residence times. However, bark, a food with a long site residence time and potentially high resource value, was associated with more agonism, and higher-ranking females were able to spend more time feeding on it than lower-ranking females. These results suggest that higher-ranking females may benefit from higher food and energy intake rates when food site residence times are long. These findings also add to accumulating evidence that food site residence time is a behavioral contributor to female dominance hierarchies in group-living species.     

Review on Quantitative Research Methods of Regional Sustainable Development in China

Abstract

Since the 1990s, with the in-depth study and understanding of sustainable development, quantitative study of regional sustainable development (RSD) was increasingly hot in China. Based on quantitative study of RSD from Core Periodical in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (1992–2008), statistical analysis on the annual distribution, periodicals distribution and changes of the distribution were made. And from perspectives of social–economic, ecological, systematic and emerging methods, the course, problems and trends of the quantitative study methods on RSD were examined and analyzed to get a clear summary. By the review, the context on the quantitative study of RSD was to be clarified. The study also showed that, primarily, fields involving quantitative study are expanding; second, big progresses and constant development have been made on the systematic method gradually sophisticated, the flourishing ecological method and emerging new methods in the context of cross and integration which has made complex integrated systems a more satisfactory solution; third, the method system has been more multi-angled, and the clues of independent innovation have been observed despite the fact that the introduction of imported method is the main trend. Although many problems exist, multi-scale study, dynamic timeseries study and inter-regional comparative study will be further exploited and increasingly carried out with the progress of spatial information technology, which would boost the development and application of new methods in RSD study.     

镧系配合物检测流域水环境阴离子的可视化研究

水环境中阴离子的快速便捷检测对评估流域水环境污染、提出相关流域治理对策具有重要意义.提出一种以镧系金属离子Eu3+作为配位金属离子,采用水热法与2,6-吡啶二羧酸合成镧系配合物,对水环境中9种常见阴离子进行定性和定量分析的方法.结果表明,制备的配合物吡啶二羧酸铕[Eu(DPA)3]在水中具有良好分散性,280 nm激发...     

Bayesian model-based cluster analysis for predicting macrofaunal communities

To predict macrofaunal community composition from environmental data a two-step approach is often followed: (1) the water samples are clustered into groups on the basis of the macrofauna data and (2) the groups are related to the environmental data, e.g. by discriminant analysis. For the cluster analysis in step 1 many hard, seemingly arbitrary choices have to be made that nevertheless influence the solution (similarity measure, clustering strategy, number of clusters). The stability of the solution is often of concern, e.g. in clustering by the program. In the discriminant analysis of step 2 it can occur that a water sample is misclassified on the basis of the environmental data but on further inspection happens to be a borderline case in the cluster analysis. One would then rather reclassify such a sample and iterate the two steps. Bayesian latent class analysis is a flexible, extendable model-based cluster analysis approach that recently has gained popularity in the statistical literature and that has the potential to address these problems. It allows the macrofauna and environmental data to be modelled and analyzed in a single integrated analysis. An exciting extension is to incorporate in the analysis prior information on the habitat preferences of the macrofauna taxa such as is available in lists of indicator values. The output of the analysis is not a hard assignment of water samples to clusters but a probabilistic (fuzzy) assignment. The number of clusters is determined on the basis of the Bayes factor. A standard feature of the Bayesian method is to make predictions and to assess their uncertainty. We applied this approach to a data set consisting of 70 water samples, 484 macrofauna taxa and four environmental variables for which previously a five cluster solution had been proposed. The standard for Bayesian estimation, the Gibbs sampler, worked fine on a subset with only 12 selected taxa but did not converge on the full set with 484 taxa. This is due to many configurations in which the assignment probabilities are all very close to either 0 or 1. This convergence problem is comparable with the local optima problem in classical cluster optimization algorithms, including the EM algorithm used in Latent Gold, a Windows program for latent class analysis. The convergence problem needs to be solved before the benefits of Bayesian latent class analysis can come to fruition in this application. We discuss possible solutions.     

体育赛场人群疏散过程滞留人数定量模型研究

体育赛场历史事故统计分析表明,出口堵塞为导致人群拥挤踩踏事故发生的主要原因.滞留人群是疏散过程最常见的一种人流形式,同时也是拥挤踩踏事故风险的主要承载体.基于人群流量与人群密度关系建立了体育赛场时间维变量的滞留人数定量模型.体育赛场看台不同宽度出口人群疏散计算结果表明,滞留人数不仅对人群疏散时间有直接影响,而且与事故发生概率之间存在一定的关系.该模型可用于指导体育赛场出口设计,疏散路线选择及应急预案的编制等.     

颗粒物防护口罩适合因子的影响因素研究

为设计适合国人的防护口罩,利用定量适合性检验和人体头面部尺寸测量的方法,探索影响口罩适合因子(FF)的因素。对4种颗粒物防护口罩(3M8210,3M8210v,3M9332和3M9010)的FF进行检测;测量口罩佩戴者的形态面长、面宽、两耳屏间宽、两下颌角间宽、鼻高、鼻长、鼻宽和两耳屏点间颌下弧长等头面部尺寸数据;计算身体质量指数(BMI)。探讨头面部尺寸、BMI、性别及口罩型号对FF的影响。研究表明:显著影响口罩FF的因素是头面部尺寸和口罩型号,其余因素对FF无显著影响;设计防护口罩应考虑我国人群头面部尺寸特点。     

火灾烟气毒性的定量评价方法评述

火灾烟气毒性定量评价是毒理学研究的一个新兴领域.烟气毒性与建筑材料、燃烧条件、烟气毒物在建筑物内的传播规律及暴露时间有关,这些都是传统毒理学评价方法难以解决的问题.烟气毒性定量评价的目的是通过建立数学模型,以最少的动物试验,从宏观上更加定量化、系统化地评价和预测火灾烟气毒性.本文介绍了国外火灾烟气毒性定量评价的标准、烟气定量评价的数学模型,评述了这些模型的适用范围和优缺点,分析了火灾烟气毒性定量评价的发展方向.