我国煤矿安全文化建设现状研究——来自60家煤矿的证据*

为更好地开展煤矿安全文化建设工作,采用安全文化在线分析系统对我国60家煤矿企业的安全文化建设水平进行分析;利用SPSS 22.0软件分析不同人员类别、性别、工龄、文化程度对安全文化得分的影响;对煤矿安全文化建设中部分得分较低的安全文化元素给出整改建议。结果表明:得分低于60分的元素是安全业绩对待方式、总体安全期望;安全文化得分与人员类别、工龄、文化程度显著相关,与性别无显著相关性;煤矿企业应进行针对性培训,并设计和建设合理的安全理念条目、良好的安全理念载体及完善的安全文化培训体系。     

油气井井筒系统可靠性评价方法与应用

为了保障油气井尤其是高温高压含腐蚀性流体油气井的安全长效生产,针对油气井井筒结构设计的可靠性开展研究。利用可靠性原理,通过分类分析典型油气井井筒部件构成,开展井筒可靠性定量分析方法设计,建立了油气井井筒系统可靠性框图和井筒部件、系统可靠性定量分析数学模型;采用该分析方法对Y油田进行井筒系统可靠性定量估评,估评结果表明:如果采用针对性的措施工艺设计,该油田井筒系统可靠度在投产十年后为0.794 8,与常规设计相比可靠度提高165.64%;评估结果可为Y油田井筒系统设计提供参考;从应用情况来看,与预计情况相符。     

Detection of free microcystins in the liver and muscle of freshwater fish by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

MC analysis of biological tissue is considered to be very difficult due to the lack of validated methods. This is the primary limiting factor for monitoring potential risks in both the flesh of aquatic organisms and the aquatic ecosystem. In this study, an effective method to determine free MCs (MC-LR and MC-RR) in the muscle and liver tissues of freshwater cultured fish was developed using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS). The extraction solvent, time of extraction, eluent and purification of the extract were optimized. Various SPE cartridges were also investigated. In this optimized analytical procedure, an 85% methanol/water solution (v/v) was selected as the extraction solvent, after which the extracts were purified by removing fats and proteins; a HLB cartridge was chosen for MCs enrichment; and 90% methanol containing 0.02% formic acid/water solution (v/v) was used as the eluent. Under the optimized pretreatment conditions and instrument parameters, good recoveries of MC-LR and MC-RR were obtained at three concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 µg g^?1 dry weight (DW)), with values ranging from 92.5 to 98.3% and 92.1 to 98.6%, respectively. The method detection limit (MDL) for muscle samples was 0.5 µg kg^?1 and 0.4 µg kg^?1 (DW) for MC-LR and MC-RR, respectively. The MDL for the liver samples was 0.8 µg kg^?1 (DW) for both MC-LR and MC-RR. The developed procedure was successfully applied to analyze MCs in the muscle and liver of fish samples collected from a Chinese freshwater aquaculture pond during bloom seasons. The MC-LR concentrations ranged from below the MDL to 4.17 µg kg^?1 and the MC-RR concentrations ranged from below the MDL to 2.64 µg kg^?1.     

微波消解法与回流法测定COD值定量关系的研究

运用微波消解法和国标回流法分别测定不同浓度同一标准水样的COD,运用数据分析中的基本偏差分析与T检验法,通过多项式拟合的手段,确立了表述两种方法测定结果的定量方程,为分析水样的COD提供了快速简便的新方法。     

现行监测方法标准与监测技术规范中存在的问题与改进

研究与分析了现行有效的环境监测方法标准与监测技术规范,指出了一些较早颁布的环境监测方法标准如最经常使用的《水质化学需氧量的测定重铬酸盐法》(GB 11914—1989)等存在的未明确给出检出限、测定下限(即未给出方法的定性、半定量以及定量监测范围)以及使用术语不统一、不规范等问题。研究发现,《地表水和污水监测技术规范》(HJ/T 91—2002)等监测技术规范普遍存在的最大缺陷是没有引入测定下限的概念,未考虑与规定半定量区间内的监测结果报出问题。此外,这些规范也存在着术语使用不统一、不规范的现象,且对于低于检出限的监测结果应如何报出与参与统计的规定存在不一致现象。研究列举了一些存在问题的环境监测方法标准和环境监测技术规范,对其进行剖析,揭示问题,并对其下一步的修改、完善提出建议。     

再生水处理过程中轮状病毒的变化规律及风险评价（Change of Rotavirus in Sewage Treatment Processes and Associated Health Risk Assessment）

为探讨污水处理厂不同处理工艺段对轮状病毒(Rotavirus)的去除效果及再生水回用中轮状病毒对暴露人群的健康风险水平,于2006年11月至2007年10月连续对北京市某污水厂各工艺段出水的轮状病毒进行了分析,并应用Beta-Possion模型对回用再生水中轮状病毒对暴露人群的健康风险水平进行了评价.结果表明,36个实测水样中,轮状病毒检测结果为阳性的样品13个,占总样品数的36.1%.阳性样品主要分布在2006年11月、12月和2007年1月、2月、4月、8月和10月所采集的样品中,各月份阳性样品所占比例分别依次为100%、100%、100%、33.3%、66.7%、33.3%和100%.二级处理工艺对轮状病毒的去除率为2.68-lg,二级处理出水经过混凝沉淀和砂滤两种深度处理后得到再生水,深度处理工艺平均去除率为3.01-lg.二沉出水回用对不同职业暴露人群的年均感染概率风险值范围为0.35×10-2~10.36×10-2,再生水回用不同职业暴露人群年平均感染风险概率值范围为0.23×10-2~6.82×10-2,二沉出水、再生水回用导致的道路喷洒职业工人轮状病毒暴露感染风险值最大,分别达到了39.65×10-2和36.82×10-2,存在着一定的健康风险.     

德阳市主要农作物生产潜力

本文在简述了农业生产潜力定量测度方法的基础上,计算和分析了德阳市主要作物生产潜力。得出光能利用率低是造成该区作物产量不高的主要原因,各种作物中水稻生产力、生产潜力最大,不同种植制度中水旱轮作生产力、生产潜力最大     

分子连接性指数(mJ)与有机物毒性的相关性

定义原子特征值δ     

新生代农民工市民化进程与空间分异研究

农民工市民化问题是当今城市地理学研究的一个重大课题.基于大连市300名新生代农民工的问卷调查,从外部环境和新生代农民工自身情况两方面,构建了市民化指标体系,修正了基于C-D函数的市民化进程模型,采用SPSS软件对问卷结果进行统计分析,定量分析了大连市新生代农民工市民化进程的特点,运用Maplnfo作出空间分异图,得出大连市新生代农民工市民化进程的空间分异特征:①市内四个主城区的市民化水平低于副城区;②市中心及其辐射地带市民化水平较低,城乡结合部市民化水平较高;③市民化指标与市民化水平空间分异不匹配.目前新生代农民工市民化的相关制度环境处于阻碍阶段,城市居民对新生代农民工的社会认同和接纳程度较好,新生代农民工自身已经具备市民化的能力,城乡结合部和副城区(郊区)是其定居城市的最佳区域,农民工市民化进程是一个任重而道远的任务,国家、社会应为新生代农民工提供一个平台,加快农民工到市民的转化进程.     

Interactive effects of cadmium and hypoxia on metabolic responses and bacterial loads of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin

Pollution by toxic metals including cadmium (Cd) and hypoxia are important stressors in estuaries and coastal waters which may interactively affect sessile benthic organisms, such as oysters. We studied metabolic responses to prolonged hypoxic acclimation (2 weeks at 5% O₂) in control and Cd-exposed (30 d at 50 μg L⁻¹ Cd) oysters Crassostrea virginica, and analyzed the effects of these stressors on abundance of Vibrio spp. in oysters. Hypoxia-acclimated oysters retained normal standard metabolic rates (SMR) at 5% O₂, in contrast to a decline of SMR observed during acute hypoxia. However, oysters spent more time actively ventilating in hypoxia than normoxia resulting in enhanced Cd uptake and 2.7-fold higher tissue Cd burdens in hypoxia. Cd exposure led to a significant decrease in tissue glycogen stores, increase in free glucose levels and elevated activity of glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase and aldolase) indicating a greater dependence on carbohydrate catabolism. A compensatory increase in activities of two key mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase) was found during prolonged hypoxia in control oysters but suppressed in Cd-exposed ones. Cd exposure also resulted in a significant increase in abundance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus levels during normoxia and hypoxia, respectively. Overall, Cd- and hypoxia-induced changes in metabolic profile, Cd accumulation and bacterial flora of oysters indicate that these stressors can synergistically impact energy homeostasis, performance and survival of oysters in polluted estuaries and have significant consequences for transfer of Cd and bacterial pathogens to the higher levels of the food chain.