黄土高原小流域水土保持决策系统研究

以陕西省米脂县泉家沟流域为例,在黄土高原小流域水土保持实用技术的基础上,应用USLE修正式对梁峁边线以上梁峁坡地进行了水土保持技术决策;并在PCARCINFO系统支持下,设计了决策系统。     

化工装置泄漏频率数据源比较研究

为降低泄漏频率对化工装置定量风险分析结果不确定性的影响,从覆盖设备设施类型、基准泄漏频率和频率计算模型等方面,比较分析中国、英国健康安全管理局、挪威船级社、国际油气生产商联合会(IOGP)发布的泄漏频率数据源,筛选出更适合计算化工装置泄漏频率的数据源;并以某化工装置2个泄漏单元为例,比较《危险化学品生产装置和储存设施外...     

超声波/零价铁协同降解氯苯类化合物的QSPR研究

在同一反应条件下测得超声波/零价铁(US/Fe)协同降解五种氯苯类化合物符合准一级反应,降解速率常数(k)呈现一定的规律性:1,2,4-TCB>M-DCB>P-DCB>O-DCBCB>CB。采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立氯苯类化合物定量结构-性质相关(QSPR)的数学模型,模型的主成分分析结果表明:在US/Fe体系中,影响氯苯类有机物降解的主要因素分别是物质的氯取代程度,分子极化率及亨利常数。     

Sharing goals by timely communication improves fishermen's satisfaction with marine protected areas: A case study in the Mediterranean

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are considered as a valid tool for mitigating the impact of fishing on marine ecosystems. Their success depends upon their acceptance by implicated stakeholders and on the integration of the stakeholder groups into their management. This integration is especially important with regard to fishermen, whose interests are the most directly affected by MPAs. The relational coordination method posits that effective communication and supportive relationships among stakeholders result in positive stakeholder behaviors and a more effective management of the system. Applying its principles, we designed a survey to evaluate the satisfaction of fishermen associated with five MPAs in the Spanish Mediterranean and determine what mechanisms affect fishermen’s acceptance of MPAs. Our results demonstrate that effective communication is particularly important for good supportive relationships and satisfaction among fishermen and other stakeholder groups, as well as satisfaction with the MPA. Sharing objectives with fishermen through timely communication is the primary mechanism to improve fishermen''s satisfaction and ameliorate perceptions towards MPA. To address this issue, we recommend more substantial integration of fishermen in the co-management of MPAs.     

Releasing characteristics of phosphorus and other substances during thermal treatment of excess sludge

The releasing characteristics of phosphorus,nitrogen compounds,organics,and some metal cations during thermal treatment of excess sludge were investigated.It was found that during heating not only phosphorus,but also nitrogen compounds,organics,and some metal cations could be released in abundance.The maximum orthophosphate (ortho-P) release of about 90 mg/L in concentration was observed at 50℃in 1 h.Except for volatile fatty acids (VFAs),comparatively little total nitrogen (TN),total organic carbon (TOC),and metal cations were released at the same time.Such results might favor further process of phosphorus recovery.VFAs were considerably released only at 50℃.Acetic,butyric,and propionic acid were the most abundant components in turn and their releasing profiles exhibited good linear relationship with time (R~2=0.9977,0.9624,and 0.8908,respectively).The concentrations of Mg~(2 ) and K~ increased with time and temperature during thermal treatment,but Ca~(2 ) decreased.The release of Mg~(2 ) and K~ agreed well with TP release (R~2=0.9892 and 0.9476,respectively).Temperature in the experimental range had very little impact on the linear relationships, especially of Mg~(2 ).Moreover,the parameter of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) was found to be an important factor for thermal sludge treatment as the released ortho-P and total phosphorus (TP) at 50℃increased more than one-fold when MLSS was increased from 4000 to 8000 mg/L.     

基于轮廓测量的集料表面粗糙度表征方法试验研究

为定量描述路用集料表面的粗糙程度,以粗糙度系数为评价指标,构建集料表面二维剖面起伏轮廓线粗糙度的测量与表征方法体系,建立粗集料破裂面表面的三维形貌数字高程模型,提取粗集料破裂面表面粗糙度的各向异性特征,提出集料三维表面粗糙度的评价方法,最终进行集料磨光试验,分析了三维粗糙度系数指标的实用性.研究结果表明:使用迹线长度表...     

苯甲酸类光催化降解和羟基自由基反应的关系

研究了13种苯甲酸类化合物在固定膜平板反应器中的光催化降解,探讨了光降解速率与化合物结构之间的定量关系（QSAR）,同时分析了苯甲酸类化合物和羟基自由基反应的速率常数与结构的关系结果表明,Hammett常数（σ）和摩尔对数溶解度（lgS）是影响本甲酸类光降解速率lgK的重要因素,其定量关系式为：lgK＝-0．309σ＋0.125lgS－2.612,苯甲酸类与羟基自由基反应的定量关系式为lgK_OH＝－0.414σ＋9．816,证实了羟基自由基在本甲酸类光催化过程中的重要作用.     

有机磷酸酯类化合物的定量结构-活性关系及稳健性分析

应用理论线性溶剂化能关系（TLSER）模型研究了35种有机磷酸酯类（OP）化合物的结构及其对家蝇急性毒性之间的关系,得到了可以指示毒性作用机理的定量结构-活性关系．在OP化合物与生物体的作用过程中,分子的极性是影响活性的最重要因素,表明OP化合物可能与生物体发生特异性反应．采用Bootstrap方法分析模型的稳健性,结果表明,模型的系数、标准误差及相关系数均与Bootstrap估计接近,模型具有较强的稳健性．     

Strategic Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programs: A Methodology for Estimating Effects on Biodiversity

We developed a methodology for biodiversity evaluations within the process of Strategic Environmental Assessment and we applied it to the estimation of the effect of two Regional Plans of Development on all bird species inhabiting the Castilla y León region (northwestern Spain). The methodology is based on the evaluation of the effects of main development actions on the habitat requirements of species. From these evaluations, and from data on the current distribution and population size (number of individuals) of each species, we estimated the most likely pattern of distribution and population size after the full implementation of the plans for each species. The impacts of the plans were quantified as the differences between the pre- and postproject patterns after codifying them to compensate for differences in the quality of the information available among species. Overall, we conclude that the proposed methodology fulfills the requirements for its use within the SEA process as it allows for the assessment of cumulative impacts on every species, highlighting the development directions and the habitat types with major impacts, and ascertaining whether impacts affect species with either low or high conservation and/or economic value. Generalization of the proposed methodology to other regions or species will require wildlife-habitat models adequate for SEA analyses, so that we also propose guidelines for the development and validation of these models.     

机械安全性评估方法研究

针对目前机械安全和机械安全性概念模糊不清的问题,阐述机械安全、机械安全性及可靠性相关概念的区别,并进一步分析现有的机械安全性定性、定量及其他评估方法各自的优缺点,并最终得出结论:目前机械安全性定性评价主观性较强、定量评价部件多态性、非单调性、共因失效问题没有解决以及部件关键度计算过程复杂、不利于工程人员直接应用。针对存在的问题,最后给出了机械安全性定性评估模型和定量评估模型的设计方案。