Verification of Bacteroidales 16S rRNA markers as a complementary tool for detecting swine fecal pollution in the Yangtze Delta

To correctly assess and properly manage the public health risks associated with exposure to contaminated water, it is necessary to identify the source of fecal pollution in a watershed. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of our two previously developed real time-quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays for the detection of swine-associated Bacteroidales genetic markers (gene 1–38, gene 3–53) in the Yangtze Delta watershed of southeastern China. The results indicated that the gene 1–38 and 3-53 markers exhibited high accuracy (92.5%, 91.7% conditional probability, respectively) in detecting Bacteroidales spp. in water samples. According to binary logistic regression (BLR), these two swine-associated markers were well correlated (P < 0.05) with fecal indicators (Escherichia coli and Enterococci spp.) and zoonotic pathogens (E. coli O157: H7, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp.) in water samples. In contrast, concentrations of conventional fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were not correlated with zoonotic pathogens, suggesting that they are noneffective at detecting fecal pollution events. Collectively, the results obtained in this study demonstrated that a swine-targeted qPCR assay based on two Bacteroidales genes markers (gene 1–38, gene 3–53) could be a useful tool in determining the swine-associated impacts of fecal contamination in a watershed.     

黄土高原小流域水土保持决策系统研究

以陕西省米脂县泉家沟流域为例,在黄土高原小流域水土保持实用技术的基础上,应用USLE修正式对梁峁边线以上梁峁坡地进行了水土保持技术决策;并在PCARCINFO系统支持下,设计了决策系统。     

Studies on the Uptake of Heavy Metals by Various Plant Species on Chromite Minespoils in Sub-tropical Regions of India

The presence of heavy metals (Cr, Ni and Fe) in soil and accumulated by herbs, shrubs and trees regenerated naturally on the minewaste-dumps of Sukinda chromite mines (TISCO sector) were investigated. There was significant correlationship between Cr and Fe in the soil where a tree species (Catunaregam spinosa) occurred. Guazuma ulmifolia and Diospyros montana also did show significant correlation between leaf, stem and soil for Cr, Ni and Fe. Among the shrubs (Calotropis gigantea, Chromolaena odorata, Phyllanthus reticulatus and Woodfordia fruticosa) significant and positive correlations were obtained for Cr and Ni in soil and iron and nickel in leaf and chromium and nickel in stem. Among the annual herbs, whole plant of tephrosia purpurea and Borrevia articularis showed significant and positive correlation with chromium and nickel with the maximum correlation coefficient value. It was concluded that the above information would be useful in revegetation programmes in subtropical regions having seasonal rainfall.     

化工装置泄漏频率数据源比较研究

为降低泄漏频率对化工装置定量风险分析结果不确定性的影响,从覆盖设备设施类型、基准泄漏频率和频率计算模型等方面,比较分析中国、英国健康安全管理局、挪威船级社、国际油气生产商联合会(IOGP)发布的泄漏频率数据源,筛选出更适合计算化工装置泄漏频率的数据源;并以某化工装置2个泄漏单元为例,比较《危险化学品生产装置和储存设施外...     

基于轮廓测量的集料表面粗糙度表征方法试验研究

为定量描述路用集料表面的粗糙程度,以粗糙度系数为评价指标,构建集料表面二维剖面起伏轮廓线粗糙度的测量与表征方法体系,建立粗集料破裂面表面的三维形貌数字高程模型,提取粗集料破裂面表面粗糙度的各向异性特征,提出集料三维表面粗糙度的评价方法,最终进行集料磨光试验,分析了三维粗糙度系数指标的实用性.研究结果表明:使用迹线长度表...     

地铁人员可用疏散时间模拟

人员可用安全疏散时间是衡量公共场所安全性能的重要指标.为了能从定量风险分析的角度考察公共场所的安全疏散性能,引入蒙特卡罗模拟技术.选取天津小白楼地铁系统作为研究对象;建立极限状态方程以刻画地铁人员可用安全疏散时间;最后,通过Matlab提供的M语言编程,实现了蒙特卡罗模拟,得到了与极限状态方程相对应的概率密度函数,累加分布函数和余补累加分布函数.通过余补累加分布函数定量描述了人员在地铁火灾事故中安全逃生的概率.结果表明,蒙特卡罗模拟技术是描述同时具有参数不确定性和模型不确定性的复杂问题的有力工具.     

Sharing goals by timely communication improves fishermen's satisfaction with marine protected areas: A case study in the Mediterranean

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are considered as a valid tool for mitigating the impact of fishing on marine ecosystems. Their success depends upon their acceptance by implicated stakeholders and on the integration of the stakeholder groups into their management. This integration is especially important with regard to fishermen, whose interests are the most directly affected by MPAs. The relational coordination method posits that effective communication and supportive relationships among stakeholders result in positive stakeholder behaviors and a more effective management of the system. Applying its principles, we designed a survey to evaluate the satisfaction of fishermen associated with five MPAs in the Spanish Mediterranean and determine what mechanisms affect fishermen’s acceptance of MPAs. Our results demonstrate that effective communication is particularly important for good supportive relationships and satisfaction among fishermen and other stakeholder groups, as well as satisfaction with the MPA. Sharing objectives with fishermen through timely communication is the primary mechanism to improve fishermen''s satisfaction and ameliorate perceptions towards MPA. To address this issue, we recommend more substantial integration of fishermen in the co-management of MPAs.     

超声波/零价铁协同降解氯苯类化合物的QSPR研究

在同一反应条件下测得超声波/零价铁(US/Fe)协同降解五种氯苯类化合物符合准一级反应,降解速率常数(k)呈现一定的规律性:1,2,4-TCB>M-DCB>P-DCB>O-DCBCB>CB。采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立氯苯类化合物定量结构-性质相关(QSPR)的数学模型,模型的主成分分析结果表明:在US/Fe体系中,影响氯苯类有机物降解的主要因素分别是物质的氯取代程度,分子极化率及亨利常数。     

Network and system diagrams revisited: Satisfying CEA requirements for causality analysis

Published guidelines for Cumulative Effects Assessment (CEA) have called for the identification of cause-and-effect relationships, or causality, challenging researchers to identify methods that can possibly meet CEA's specific requirements. Together with an outline of these requirements from CEA key literature, the various definitions of cumulative effects point to the direction of a method for causality analysis that is visually-oriented and qualitative. This article consequently revisits network and system diagrams, resolves their reported shortcomings, and extends their capabilities with causal loop diagramming methodology. The application of the resulting composite causality analysis method to three Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) case studies appears to satisfy the specific requirements of CEA regarding causality. Three “moments” are envisaged for the use of the proposed method: during the scoping stage, during the assessment process, and during the stakeholder participation process.