南极文森峰的地层及沉积环境

文森峰的地层为一套古生代浅变质沉积碎屑岩系.通过与邻区的对比,作者将这套地层命名为文森峰组.它主要由杂色的石英砂岩、石榴子石石英砂岩组成,还有少量粉砂质泥岩、砾岩和大理岩,总厚度大于650m,自下而上可分五个岩性段.主要组成矿物为石英,并含有丰富的石榴子石,一定量的伊利石.砂岩分选性良好,成熟度高,原生沉积构造发育,属浅海滨岸相沉积.     

Acetochlor as a soil pollutant

Acetochlor is a widely used herbicide all over the world. Similarly to other organic pollutants, the environmental fate of the acetochlor is strongly related to its adsorption properties. Static adsorption equilibrium measurements were carried out at 25 degrees C on different types of Hungarian soils characterized by varying amounts of organic matter and pH values. Isotherms obtained under different conditions, as well as on various soils, exhibit a similar shape, thus indicating a two-step adsorption process. The plots cannot be interpreted according to the classes of isotherms suggested by Giles. The adsorption coefficients (K) were estimated from the initial slope of the curves. These values were determined not only by the type of the soil, but also by the composition of the aqueous media. The organic matter adsorption coefficients (Kom) were also calculated and they were approximately identical for soils of high organic matter. Due to the low value of the adsorption coefficients, the acetochlor is a rather mobile pollutant of the soil posing a potential danger to the aquatic environment. For soils with high organic content, the Kom values are similar to each other and, due to the significant coverage of the inorganic surfaces, the adsorption is controlled by the solute-organic substance interactions. The adsorption of weakly polar compounds, however, is remarkable even on those soils where the organic content is low. In this case, the binding is governed by the solute-inorganic surface interactions. This conclusion is nicely proved by the adsorption of the acetochlor on quartz. According to our hypothesis, the second part of the adsorption step is controlled by the solute-adsorbed solute interactions. The role of the organic matter in this region of the isotherm is probably negligible. As the organic matter content of the soils plays an important role in the acetochlor adsorption, humic substances must have a strong influence upon the transport of this compound. Experiments to obtain adsorption isotherms of further pesticides and the development of a quantitative model are in progress.     

DOM不同相对分子质量组分在无机矿物上的吸附及其对卡马西平吸附的影响实验

为探究溶解性有机质(DOM)不同相对分子质量组分在矿物质上的吸附特征及其与药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)类污染物的结合作用对两者吸附过程的影响,以卡马西平作为目标污染物,用商用腐殖酸制备DOM,以石英砂代表无机矿物,开展吸附实验,并采用透析实验和红外光谱表征等手段,探讨了不同相对分子质量腐殖酸(HA)的结构特征及其与卡马西平(CBZ)的结合作用对HA或CBZ在固相介质上吸附作用的差异及产生机制.结果表明,大分子量HA有更多的羟基、芳香烃和脂肪烃,以疏水物质为主;而小分子量HA有更多的醇和羧基,以亲水物质为主.HA与CBZ的结合主要通过CBZ的氨基与小分子量HA中极性官能团的结合,以及CBZ疏水基团与大分子量HA中脂肪族与芳香族的疏水作用.CBZ与HA之间的相互作用对腐殖酸或卡马西平的吸附产生明显差异.当CBZ不存在时,石英砂主要通过疏水作用结合HA中疏水性大分子或与HA的羟基、羧基等发生交换配位反应,且石英砂更倾向于吸附HA中的脂肪性及疏水性大分子组分.当CBZ存在时,石英砂转而吸附HA中的小分子量部分,且HA在石英砂上的最大吸附量减小.当HA不存在时,CBZ可通过疏水作用,范德华力和极性相互作用使其在石英砂上有一定量的吸附.加入HA后,石英砂吸附增加的CBZ归因于部分HA分子与CBZ结合后共吸附或累积吸附于石英砂上.     

Pseudomonas sp. QJX-1的锰氧化特性研究

从锰矿土壤样品中分离、纯化出1株高效锰氧化细菌(QJX-1),经16S rDNA序列鉴定为Pseudomonas sp.QJX-1.研究表明,Pseudomonas sp.QJX-1含有锰氧化的必需成分多铜氧化酶基因CumA,当初始Mn2+为5.05 mg·L-1,菌密度D600为0.020时,该菌可在48 h内将Mn2+转化,且转化率高达99.4%.在寡营养条件下该菌锰氧化速率较富营养条件下有显著提高;添加石英砂滤料促使生物膜的快速形成,进而促进Mn2+的生物转化.根据研究结果推测地下水处理过程中生物锰氧化速率较快.     

聚电解质吸附特性的压电传感监测研究

在石英晶体微天平的电极表面修饰SiO2薄层,实时测定阳离子聚电解质均聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵在SiO2表面的吸附质量和吸附动力学过程,在此基础上,监测阴离子染料活性艳红K-2BP在预吸附聚电解质膜上的吸附过程,并讨论了溶液离子强度、pH值对聚电解质吸附特性的影响.     

某抽水蓄能电站工程区断裂断层泥研究

通过断裂断层泥的粒度成分分析、粒度分形和石英颗粒形貌(SEM)特征观测等方法来分析与评价某抽水蓄能电站工程区断裂活动性,从而得出工程的稳定性。这一研究对大型地下工程场区稳定性综合论证及对地下硐室合理选址、设计以及确保工程安全等具有重要的应用价值。     

Application of nanobalance technique and principal component analysis for detection of the soil fumigant Telone residues in the air

Quartz crystal nanobalance (QCN) technique is considered as a powerful mass sensitive sensor for monitoring of materials in the sub-nanogram level. In the current study, a method based on QCN technique developed to determine Telone in air. Various coating materials including methyl phenyl silicon, 75% phenyl (OV25) and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) were employed. The frequency shift of OV25-modified quartz crystal was found to be linear against organohalogen compounds [Telone (soil fumigant), Koril (Herbicide), Endosulfan (organochlorine insecticide) and Chloroform (solvent)] concentrations in the range of 2.4 to 48 mg L^?1 for Telone vapor and 4.8–24 mg L^?1 for three other vapors. The correlation coefficients for Telone, Koril, Endosulfan and Chloroform were 0.992, 0.996, 0.989 and 0.991, respectively. The principal component analysis was also utilized to process the frequency response data of the organic vapors. Using principal component analysis, it was found that more than 93.85% of the data variance could still be explained by use of two principal components (PC1 and PC2). Subsequently, the successful discrimination of Telone and other compounds was quite possible through the principal component analysis of the transient responses of the OV25-modified electrode. In the second method, a molecularly imprinted polymer-coated sensor for Telone was developed. Molecularly imprinted polymer coated quartz crystal (MIP-QCN) showed a selective response to Telone and gave a linear relationship between frequency shift and amount of Telone from 1 to 48 mg L^?1. In this investigation, the proficiency of MIP-QCN and OV25-modified QCN sensors were compared.     

黄土高原风尘沉积中石英结晶度的变化

中国北方的风尘沉积为研究区域构造隆升和全球气候变化提供了宝贵的材料。近20年来,尽管风尘沉积的古气候研究取得重大进展,但地质历史时期风尘的物源是否存在变化仍有很大争议。石英结晶度(CI)是黄土物源研究的可靠指标,本文用粉末X射线衍射仪对灵台剖面(~6.8 Ma—0)和庄浪岩心(~23.0—4.8 Ma)风尘沉积中石英结晶度进行了测量,发现灵台剖面石英的结晶度在时间序列没有明显的变化;庄浪钻孔的石英结晶度在~14.0—8.7 Ma明显的增大,表明风尘的物源在此存在变化。这种变化可能是由于此时段全球气候变冷和青藏高原隆升导致青藏高原东北部相对中亚造山带剥蚀量的增加引起的。     

石英ESR法在河流沉积物源示踪中的探讨及应用

使用石英ESR法示踪河流沉积物源是一种新方法和新理论的探索。本文从拟解决的科学问题出发,在着重分析石英ESR信号强度和CI值物源示踪理论基础之上,讨论了该方法在亚洲现代沙尘沉降物源示踪和地质历史时期风尘堆积物源示踪研究中的有效性,结合ESR测年可覆盖整个第四纪时期的特性,认为石英ESR法不仅可以为物源示踪提供良好的年代框架约束,而且还可以较好的反映地质历史时期沉积物质来源在不同时空尺度上的变化特征。随后,通过对指导思想、研究思路以及长江流域不同河段和主要支流的地质地貌背景、岩石类型分布、水系组合特征以及"源-汇"系统之间物质剥蚀-堆积过程的可通达性等方面的综合论述与分析,讨论了石英ESR法在河流沉积物源示踪上的有效性及其在研究长江流域水系发育历史和沉积演化过程中的可行性。     

The influence of solid matrices on arsenic toxicity to Corophium orientale

In marine ecosystems, benthic organisms are really important because they are the first step in the transfer of contaminants from environment to biota. To this end, this study focused on biological assays with the amphipod Corophium orientale exposed to two different molecules of arsenic: arsenate (As^V), the most abundant form in sediments, and dimethyl-arsinate (DMA), expected to be moderately toxic as an intermediate in the process of detoxification. The toxicity of arsenic compounds was measured after exposure to three different matrices: water, spiked natural sediment and inert spiked quartz sand. LC₅₀ values were calculated for each exposure, and the results confirmed the highest toxicity of As^V, in addition to underlining the importance of matrix of exposure. Water exposure was the matrix which presented the highest toxicity for inorganic arsenic (As^V LC₅₀=3.51 mg L^?1 vs DMA LC₅₀=54.65 mg L^?1), spiked natural sediment demonstrated its capability to chelate arsenate toxicity (As^V LC₅₀=34.27 mg kg^?1 vs. DMA LC₅₀=52.19 mg kg^?1) and spiked quartz sand presented intermediate values for As^V (LC₅₀=25.26 mg kg^?1), whereas for DMA a lower toxicity was registered (LC₅₀=872.35 mg kg^?1). This study can provide some useful data linked with chemical speciation of arsenic and exposure matrix, for improving the correct management of contaminated sediment.