基于农户视角的粮食主产县耕地健康评价与诊断--以湖南省湘阴县为例

耕地健康关乎国家粮食安全。依据PSR理论模型构建耕地健康评价指标体系,利用湖南省岳阳市湘阴县农户调查数据,运用层次分析法、TOPSIS法和障碍度模型评价了该县耕地健康状况并诊断其障碍因子。结果表明:湘阴县耕地健康综合指数为0.488,耕地健康等级为中度亚健康;耕地健康压力指数、状态指数和响应指数依次分别为0.597、0.526和0.418;轮作休耕、种植绿肥、单位播种面积有机肥施用量、粮食单产、耕作层厚度、单位播种面积化肥施用量、灌溉保证率是制约湘阴县耕地健康的主要障碍因子。     

Effects of connectivity and spatial resolution of analyses on conservation prioritization across large extents

The outcome of analyses that prioritize locations for conservation on the basis of distributions of species, land cover, or other elements is influenced by the spatial resolution of data used in the analyses. We explored the influence of data resolution on prioritization of Finnish forests with Zonation, a software program that ranks the priority of cells in a landscape for conservation. We used data on the distribution of different forest types that were aggregated to nine different resolutions ranging from 0.1 × 0.1 km to 25.6 × 25.6 km. We analyzed data at each resolution with two variants of Zonation that had different criteria for prioritization, with and without accounting for connectivity and with and without adjustment for the effect on the analysis of edges between areas at the project boundary and adjacent areas for which data do not exist. Spatial overlap of the 10% of cells ranked most highly when data were analyzed at different resolutions varied approximately from 15% to 60% and was greatest among analyses with similar resolutions. Inclusion of connectivity or edge adjustment changed the location of areas that were prioritized for conservation. Even though different locations received high priority for conservation in analyses with and without accounting for connectivity, accounting for connectivity did not reduce the representation of different forest types. Inclusion of connectivity influenced most the outcome of fine-resolution analyses because the connectivity extents that we based on dispersal distances of typical forest species were small. When we kept the area set aside for conservation constant, representation of the forest types increased as resolution increased. We do not think it is necessary to avoid use of high-resolution data in spatial conservation prioritization. Our results show that large extent, fine-resolution analyses are computationally feasible, and we suggest they can give more flexibility to implementation of well-connected reserve networks.     

县域粮食单产及其生产投入因素的空间异质性——以河南省为例

在当前耕地总量很难增加的总体形势下,粮食单产及其生产投入因素的关系研究对国家粮食安全具有重要意义。Moran’s I指数及散点图显示,粮食单产及其OLS(Ordinary Least Squares)估计的残差存在显著的空间自相关性,因而不满足经典线性回归分析的建模条件,而GWR(Geographically Weighted Regression)模型能够克服这一缺陷,并能进行参数的局部估计。河南省108个县的实践表明,GWR模型有效地降低了残差的空间自相关,各项检验指标均好于OLS估计。4个生产投入影响因素的空间分异规律存在显著差异。灌溉因素在OLS和GWR模型中均为正效应,单位播种面积机械动力、单位播种面积化肥施用量(折纯)、单位播种面积用电量3个变量的系数估计值在OLS模型中为负,而在GWR模型中则有正有负,说明存在空间异质性。黄河以北粮食高产区主要受机械动力、灌溉和用电量3个因素的正向影响,化肥投入的再增加反而引致单产降低。淮河沿岸和信阳的粮食高产区主要受化肥施用量和用电量的正向影响。为提高粮食单产,西部山地、丘陵县的粮食低产区应加强机械动力投入并提高用电效率,最西部的山地县还应适度增加化肥的用量。     

江苏省粮食生产时空变化及影响因素分析

为了研究江苏省农用地粮食生产的时空变化及其影响因素,论文分析了2000年和2006年江苏省农用地粮食单产和总产的空间格局及其变化情况,同时,分析了人为影响因素和气象因素对江苏省农用地粮食单产的影响。结果表明:江苏省农用地粮食单产空间分布差异表现为由南往北不断减少的格局,这个格局2006年与2000年相比没有发生改变,但是,随着近年表现出苏北和苏中粮食单产增加大于苏南的趋势,苏南地区的粮食单产优势在渐渐消失,苏中地区成为江苏省粮食单产的另一个高值区,局部地区接近苏南的单产水平。2000年粮食总产分布表现为高值区多中心的格局,高值区主要分布在苏中和苏北地区,但到2006年后粮食总产高值区在苏北和苏中连片,其他地方的高值区消失。从论文分析结果来看,人为影响因素和降水变化是江苏省近年农用地粮食生产空间格局变化的主要影响因素。粮食生产格局的时空变化需要引起有关部门的注意,其结论可以为相关部门提供决策参考。     

黑龙江省粮食生产的时空格局及动因分析

采用空间自相关、聚类分析和多元回归模型等方法,论文探讨了2000 年以来黑龙江省粮食生产的时空动态及其主要影响因素.结果表明:① 黑龙江省粮食生产规模持续扩大,其中,大豆播种面积及其占农作物总播种面积的比重均经历了“上升-下降”的波动过程,玉米和水稻播种面积不断扩大,但其占农作物播种面积的比重分别在2009 和2011 年超过大豆;② 黑龙江省粮食生产具有一定的空间相关性,大豆空间集聚最显著,玉米次之,水稻最不明显;③ 粮食生产区域化和专门化态势增强,松嫩平原北部及大小兴安岭地区、松嫩平原东南部和三江平原北部分别形成了以大豆、玉米和水稻为主的粮食生产类型区;④ 多元回归分析表明,农业投入、经济环境、技术水平、市场因素是影响黑龙江省粮食生产及其结构时空变化的主要因素.     

北京市农业区不同使用类型土壤中二噁英类分析

2005年6—7月采集了北京市农业区不同使用类型土壤样品24个,分别为蔬菜地8个、粮地8个、果园地8个,采用高分辨气质联机对17种二噁英类进行了分析.结果表明:所有样品中二噁英浓度范围为,0.26—5.74(平均值为1.51)pgI-TEQ.g-1;蔬菜地浓度范围为,0.26—5.62(平均值1.75)pgI-TEQ.g-1;粮地浓度范围为,0.45—5.74(平均值2.02)pgI-TEQ.g-1;果园地浓度范围为,0.34—2.02(平均值0.73)pgI-TEQ.g-1;三种类型中粮食地浓度最高,其次为蔬菜地,果园地浓度最低.与国外农业区土壤中的二噁英浓度相比而言,北京市相对较低.所有样品中,样品8和16浓度异常高,但是8.3%(2:24)的高浓度样品数并不代表对人体有害.由于样品24处于垃圾焚烧炉旁边,也对此进行了详细的分析.样品中二噁英类物质形态分布出现了极大的离散性,这表明农田土壤中二噁英可能是多种因素综合作用的结果,例如:除草剂的使用、秸秆等固体废弃物的焚烧、汽车尾气排放等.     

双菌联合固态发酵生产酒糟菌体蛋白饲料的试验研究

利用以JZ－1和JZ－2组成的双菌发酵体系对白酒酒糟进行高蛋白菌体饲料化生物转化。方法为:以预处理过的酒糟粉为主要培养基,添加少许辅料,调节培养料酸度至pH为5.5～6.0,接种上述2种液体菌种进行固态发酵。该方法的培养周期为22～24 h,所得酒糟菌体蛋白饲料的粗蛋白含量接近33%,粗纤维小于14%,氨基酸种类齐全。      

中国粮食产量变化的驱动效应及其空间分异研究

粮食安全是一个国家和地区经济和社会稳定发展的基础,而粮食产量则是衡量粮食安全的最为重要指标,研究粮食产量变化的驱动效应对于实现其持续稳定增长具有重要意义。综合考虑种植业结构、农林牧渔业结构、农业生产经济收益、农业劳动力等各因素对粮食产量的影响,从农业经济学的视角出发,构建了粮食产量分解的理论框架。基于这一框架,将粮食产量变化分解为种植经济的粮食安全效应、农业结构调整效应、农业劳动力农业经济收益效应、农业劳动力当量效应等4种。采用对数平均迪氏分解模型(LMDI)和粮食生产的空间转移系数,揭示了4种效应对1978—2014年中国粮食产量的时序变化以及2000—2013年全国31省(市、区)粮食产量的空间变化的影响程度。研究结果表明:无论从时间还是空间变化方面,农业劳动力农业经济收益效应都是驱动粮食增产的首要因素,种植经济的粮食安全效应则是抑制粮食增产的首要因素。在政府主导模式下,农业结构调整对粮食增产的负面影响较小,而在农户主导模式下,农业结构调整对粮食产量的负面影响明显增强,这一结果在粮食主产区表现尤为明显。1978—2014年,中国劳动力当量效应对粮食产量变化由正向驱动作用不断向负向抑制作用转变,且其对粮食增产的抑制作用不断增强,这一现象在粮食主产区表现也尤为突出。因此,为促进中国粮食产量持续增长,尤其需要发挥政府在粮食主产区农业结构调整中的主导作用,在确保农民生产粮食基本收益的基础上,加快延伸粮食生产产业链,进一步增加农民收入来源,促进劳动力资源在城乡之间的有效配置。     

中国县域人均粮食占有量的时空差异及驱动因素

以全国县域为研究单元,基于2004年和2014年各县统计数据,采用ESDA、重心迁移、GWR等方法对县域人均粮食占有量的空间格局进行测定,并分析人均粮食占有量区域差异的空间异质性及变化的驱动机制。结果表明:2004~2014年,全国各县域粮食的人均占有量呈现总体上升的趋势,人均粮食占有量的重心在10a间由西南向东北转移,且南北方向迁移的幅度大于东西方向迁移的幅度。2004年全国县域人均粮食占有量冷热点分布相对分散,东北地区是全国唯一的热点区,冷点区分布在沿海地区,2014年热点区相比于2004年有所缩小,冷点区则有所扩大。影响人均粮食占有量变化各因素的重要程度在空间上差异明显,其重要程度由大至小依次为:人口数量第三产业比重城市化率第二产业比重人均GDP。     

China＇s Land Carrying Capacity Based on Man-grain Relationships

With population growth and increasing pressure on land resources, land carrying capacity （LCC） and food safety have been attracting great attention worldwide. From the point of man-grain relationship and by establishing LCC and land carrying capacity index （LCCI） models, this article firstly analyzes the spatial-temporal dynamics of LCC of China from 1949 to 2005 at county, provincial and national levels. Choosing 2005 as a representative year, this article then evaluates the LCC of 264 pastoral regions （semipastoral regions）, 663 urban regions and 592 poverty stricken regions of the country. The results show that： （1） from 1949 to 2005, with the increase of grain production, the LCC of China has been improved conspicuously, but due to the rapid population growth, the production can only maintain a low level grain consumption; （2） over the past 25 years （1980-2005）, the number of population overloading provinces decreased from 23 to 15 and the mangrain relationship has been improved gradually, but there were more overloading provinces than surplus provinces in China; （3） at county level, there were 1572 overloading counties in 1980 accounting for 68.26% of the total counties of the country and where were 649 million people lived, while in 1990, 2000 and 2005, the number of overloading counties were 1066, 1133 and 1087 respectively, which shows that the man-grain relationship has been improved obviously during the past 25 years; as for spatial distribution, the surplus counties were mainly concentrated in agriculture developed regions, such as Northeast Plain, North China Plain, middle and lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Plain, and overloading counties were mainly located in regions with poor natural environment and low grain production capacity, such as Northwest China, Tibetan Plateau and Loess Plateau and economically developed urban regions, such as Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai; （4） animal husbandry improved greatly the LCC of pastoral and semi-pastoral regions, while urban regions were overloading for increasing population pressure and more than half of poverty stricken regions were overloading due to critical natural environment and poor economic conditions.