有机改性粘土去除赤潮生物的机制研究

研究了季铵化合物改性粘土的制备条件对其去除赤潮藻效果的影响,探讨了该粘土体系高效除藻的机制.实验表明,十六烷基三甲基铵(HDTMA)可以有效地提高粘土的絮凝能力,同时HDTMA改性粘土中含有亚稳态HDTMA,增加了该改性粘土对赤潮生物的灭杀能力.改性粘土去除赤潮藻的能力与所吸附季铵化合物的杀藻能力、吸附量正相关,当老化时间延长、吸附季铵化合物稳定性增强时改性粘土除藻能力大大降低.结构不同的粘土对于吸附HDTMA的稳定化产生的空间阻力不同,在吸附量相同的情况下3层结构的蒙脱土中会有更多的亚稳态HDTMA产生;由于同离子效应,反应介质中高价金属阳离子的存在提高了亚稳态HDTMA的量,因此相应的改性粘土具有更高的赤潮藻去除能力.在60℃条件下吸附的HDTMA会更有效地占据粘土中的阳离子交换位,达到稳定态;而升高或降低温度都会有利于亚稳态HDTMA的出现,相应的改性粘土具有更高的赤潮藻去除能力.     

润滑油基础油在储运过程中可能产生的危害和对策

分析了润滑油基础油在储运过程中,油品质量可能产生的不良变化和对周围环境造成的危害.针对这些危害提出了解决的对策.     

Titration Curves: A Useful Instrument for Assessing the Buffer Systems of Acidic Mining Waters (10 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope The acidification of mine waters is generally caused by metal sulfide oxidation, related to mining activities. These waters are characterized by low pH and high acidity due to strong buffering systems. The standard acidity parameter, the Base Neutralization Capacity (BNC) is determined by endpoint titration, and reflects a cumulative parameter of both hydrogen ions and all buffering systems, but does not give information on the individual buffer systems. We demonstrate that a detailed interpretation of titration curves can provide information about the strength of the buffering systems. The buffering systems are of importance for environmental studies and treatment of acidic mining waters. Methods Titrations were carried out by means of an automatic titrator using acidic mining waters from Germany and Canada. The curves were interpreted, compared with each other, to endpoint titration results and to elemental concentrations contained therein. Results and Discussion The titration curves were highly reproducible, and contained information about the strength of the buffer systems present. Interpretations are given, and the classification and comparison of acidic mining waters, by the nature and strength of their buffering systems derived from titration curves are discussed. The BNC-values calculated from the curves were more precise than the ones determined by the standard endpoint titration method. Due to the complex buffer mechanisms in acidic mining waters, the calculation of major metal concentrations from the shape of the titration curve resulted in estimates, which should not be confused with precise elemental analysis results. Conclusion Titration curves provide an inexpensive, valuable and versatile tool, by which to obtain sophisticated information of the acidity in acidic water. The information about the strength of the present buffer systems can help to understand and document the complex nature of acidic mining water buffer systems. Finally, the interpretation of titration curves could help to improve treatment measurements and the ecological understanding of these acidic waters.     

碳源对微生物硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程的影响

微生物通过异化性硝酸盐还原成铵(DNRA)途径,硝态氮转化为仍可生物再利用的铵盐。以琥珀酸钠、柠檬酸钠、酒石酸钾钠为碳源,研究碳源的差异对有氧条件下微生物通过DNRA途径产铵的影响。结果显示,以琥珀酸钠和柠檬酸钠为碳源,初始浓度为20 mmol/L是较佳的实验条件,此时C/N约为1.5～2.0,NH4+-N质量浓度30.0～45.0 mg/L,最高产铵率分别为29.9%和27.0%;以酒石酸钾钠为碳源则在初始浓度为30 mmol/L,C/N约为2.0,NH4+-N质量浓度为40.0～45.0 mg/L时,最高产铵率为30.7%。反硝化和DNRA过程是同时存在的,培养液中NO3--N浓度的下降伴随着中间产物NO2--N的积累和NH4+-N浓度的升高。     

[HPMo][OTAC]2/SiO2的制备及其催化柴油氧化脱硫的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备不同负载量的[HPMo][OTAC]2/SiO2,通过红外光谱、比表面积和孔结构分析对[HPMo][OTAC]2/SiO2进行表征,考察负载量、催化剂用量、氧化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对模拟柴油脱硫效果的影响。结果表明,掺杂后的催化剂保持了Keggin结构,[HPMo][OTAC]2/SiO2在最佳反应条件下,苯并噻吩的脱除率达到48.3%,二苯并噻吩的脱除率达到67.2%。     

TA-FTIR/MS用于硝酸铵及其混合物的热化学行为研究

为评价物料混合对危险化学品热化学行为的影响,采用热分析-红外/质谱联用技术(TA-FTIR/MS)研究硝酸铵、柠檬酸和蔗糖的混合物的热化学行为。通过对硝酸铵及其混合物的分解温度和分解过程中逸出气体的分析,发现硝酸铵、柠檬酸和蔗糖的混合物热分解温度分别降低至135℃和153℃,而硝酸铵与甲基纤维素的混合物分解温度与硝酸铵基本相同为201℃,且各混合体系的气相分解产物均有氮氧化物(NOX),H2O和CO2。结果表明,混合物受热后其中的硝酸铵首先分解为硝酸和氨气;酸性物质和还原性物质由于对硝酸的分解反应有催化作用,使得混合物的热稳定性下降。     

地铁工程安全设计(DFS)知识库构建

针对目前地铁施工和运行过程中安全事故频发的现象,运用安全设计(DFS)概念,提出在地铁设计中应考虑施工和运行安全,构建DFS知识库,以提高设计人员的DFS能力。分析DFS知识库应具备的功能,提出通过知识的搜集、分析、存储和查询4大模块来实现相应的功能;依据模块的功能,详细设计DFS知识库的逻辑结构、系统结构和存储结构;4大模块与DFS不同的结构相结合,构成地铁工程DFS知识库系统。以乘客坠落站台事故为例,进行实证分析。研究结果表明,该案例的逻辑层次为"车站工程子知识库-车站站台子库-客运类事故";合理有效的知识库可根据标准化案例描述识别出危险源,并可运用知识管理的相关方法自动提取针对危险源的设计规范及设计建议。     

有机膨润土对溶液中阿莫西林的吸附性能研究

应用膨润土吸附阿莫西林,探讨了4种吸附剂的吸附效果,并以改性十六烷基三甲基铵盐(DK1)为试验材料,研究了吸附时间、溶液pH值、投加量、初始质量浓度和温度等因素对有机膨润土吸附溶液中阿莫西林效果的影响。结果表明,在自然pH值条件下,DK1的吸附剂效果最佳,且吸附在15min内快速达到平衡。吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程,同时符合Freundlich、Langmuir和Temkin型等温吸附方程,是个吸热的过程,Langmuir理论最大吸附容量在30℃时可达27.86mg/g。对等温方程的研究表明,DK1对阿莫西林的吸附呈单分子层形式,吸附性能良好,易于进行。     

“三线一单”对重构环境准入体系的意义及关键环节

“放管服”背景下以环评为核心的环境准入体系面临工作周期长、制度效率低、结论可验证性差、社会认可度不高等诸多挑战。本文针对“三线一单”具有的早期介入和共享区域基础信息的工作特征,认为将“三线一单”纳入环境准入体系后可以更好地发挥系统性预防作用,提升政府的决策能力和环评工作效率,实现环境准入体系的高质量和高效率。在重构环境准入体系方面,提出了“三线一单”与规划环评和项目环评制度衔接的关键环节:明确三项制度不同的职责定位和责任主体、厘清三项制度的衔接环节,以及完善三项制度间的信息交互。     

Incorporating evolutionary processes into population viability models

We examined how ecological and evolutionary (eco‐evo) processes in population dynamics could be better integrated into population viability analysis (PVA). Complementary advances in computation and population genomics can be combined into an eco‐evo PVA to offer powerful new approaches to understand the influence of evolutionary processes on population persistence. We developed the mechanistic basis of an eco‐evo PVA using individual‐based models with individual‐level genotype tracking and dynamic genotype–phenotype mapping to model emergent population‐level effects, such as local adaptation and genetic rescue. We then outline how genomics can allow or improve parameter estimation for PVA models by providing genotypic information at large numbers of loci for neutral and functional genome regions. As climate change and other threatening processes increase in rate and scale, eco‐evo PVAs will become essential research tools to evaluate the effects of adaptive potential, evolutionary rescue, and locally adapted traits on persistence.