Marine aquaculture regulates dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes in a typical semi-enclosed bay of southeastern China

Marine aquaculture in semi-enclosed bays can significantly influence nutrient cycling in coastal ecosystems. However, the impact of marine aquaculture on the dynamics of dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes (DNRPs) and the fate of reactive nitrogen remain poorly understood. In this study, the rates of DNRPs and the abundances of related functional genes were investigated in aquaculture and non-aquaculture areas. The results showed that marine aquaculture significantly increased the denitrification (DNF) and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) rates and decreased the rate of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANA), as compared with non-aquaculture sites. DNF was the dominant pathway contributing to the total nitrate reduction, and its contribution to the total nitrate reduction significantly increased from 66.72% at non-aquaculture sites to 78.50% at aquaculture sites. Marine aquaculture can significantly affect the physicochemical characteristics of sediment and the abundances of related functional genes, leading to variations in the nitrate reduction rates. Although nitrate removal rates increased in the marine aquaculture area, ammonification rates and the nitrogen retention index in the aquaculture areas were 2.19 and 1.24 times, respectively, higher than those at non-aquaculture sites. Net reactive nitrogen retention exceeded nitrogen removal in the aquaculture area, and the retained reactive nitrogen could diffuse with the tidal current to the entire bay, thereby aggravating N pollution in the entire study area. These results show that marine aquaculture is the dominant source of nitrogen pollution in semi-enclosed bays. This study can provide insights into nitrogen pollution control in semi-enclosed bays with well-developed marine aquaculture.     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥快速培养及其抑制动力学

为实现厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥(ANAMMOX granular sludge,AGS)的快速培养,采用上流式厌氧污泥床(up-flow anaerobic sludge bed,UASB)工艺,在添加少量絮状厌氧氨氧化污泥(flocculent ANAMMOX sludge,FAS)的反应器内填充生物流离球作为填料,对ANAMMOX的启动及FAS的颗粒化进行研究.同时利用Haldane模型研究AGS的基质抑制动力学特性.结果表明,利用生物流离球作为填料,实现了ANAMMOX的启动,总氮去除率达85%以上,总氮容积负荷为0. 72 kg·(m3·d)-1,并在127 d内成功培养出直径1. 0～3. 0 mm的AGS.动力学研究表明,反应器内AGS对氨和亚硝酸盐的最大反应速率分别为1. 46 kg·(kg·d)-1和1. 76 kg·(kg·d)-1,半抑制速率分别是852. 2 mmol·L-1和108. 2 mmol·L-1.与絮状污泥相比,AGS能承受更高的氨和亚硝酸盐抑制浓度,并保持较高的反应速率.采用含有海绵的生物流离球作为填料,能有效加速反应器的启动,加快AGS的形成,对厌氧氨氧化工艺的实际运行具有积极的意义.     

基于SBR反应器的ANAMMOX工艺的启动运行

采用SBR反应器,接种好氧硝化污泥,在142 d内于较高负荷下成功启动了厌氧氨氧化反应器.反应器总氮容积负荷(以N计)为0.43 kg/m3·d,总氮去除率最高达到93.3%,平均为80.5%;氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率最高达到93.9%和99.8%,平均去除率为81.2%和85.7%.在稳定运行阶段,氨氮去除量、亚硝酸盐氮去除量、硝酸盐氮生成量三者之间的比值为1:1.38:0.18.反应器启动过程中,出水、进水pH差值的变化趋势由负到正,然后稳定在一定范围内;且污泥性状有较大变化,污泥中微生物所占比率有所提高,整个反应器中适应厌氧氨氧化运行方式的菌种增殖较快.     

Improving protected area effectiveness through consideration of different human-pressure baselines

Previous assessments of the effectiveness of protected areas (PAs) focused primarily on changes in human pressure over time and did not consider the different human-pressure baselines of PAs, thereby potentially over- or underestimating PA effectiveness. We developed a framework that considers both human-pressure baseline and change in human pressure over time and assessed the effectiveness of 338 PAs in China from 2010 to 2020. The initial state of human pressure on PAs was taken as the baseline, and changes in human pressure index (HPI) were further analyzed under different baselines. We used the random forest models to identify the management measures that most improved effectiveness in resisting human pressure for the PAs with different baselines. Finally, the relationships between the changes in the HPI and the changes in natural ecosystems in PAs were analyzed with different baselines. Of PAs with low HPI baselines, medium HPI baselines, and high HPI baselines, 76.92% (n=150), 11.11% (n=12), and 22.86% (n=8) , respectively, showed positive effects in resisting human pressure. Overall, ignoring human-pressure baselines somewhat underestimated the positive effects of PAs, especially for those with low initial human pressure. For PAs with different initial human pressures, different management measures should be taken to improve effectiveness and reduce threats to natural ecosystems. We believe our framework is useful for assessing the effectiveness of PAs globally, and we recommend it be included in the Convention on Biological Diversity Post-2020 Strategy.     

不同聚合度的聚磷酸铵灭火性能研究*

为考察聚磷酸铵（APP）干粉灭火剂的聚合度对其灭火性能的影响,选用3种不同聚合度的APP,结合其晶体结构、粒度分布及热性能测试,并通过粉体杯式燃烧器进行小尺寸灭火实验,对比3种样品的灭火性能及灭火机理,研究聚合度与其灭火性能的关系。热性能测试结果显示,聚合度的升高会导致APP的热稳定性下降,随着聚合度从80升至1 500,其初始分解温度从326.11 ℃降低至321.54 ℃,失重率从75.21%增加至79.66%。实验结果表明:随着APP聚合度的增加,火焰降温速率升高,最小灭火浓度（MEC）降低,灭火性能增强,当聚合度为1 500时,MEC为118.143 g/m3。聚合度的升高有助于APP在进入火场后更早、更充分地与火焰发生反应,从而使灭火性能得到提升。     

EGSB-BAF集成系统实现厌氧氨氧化、甲烷化和短程硝化反硝化

将膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)和曝气生物滤池(BAF)集成,EGSB出水进入BAF进行短程硝化,BAF出水外回流至EGSB反应器为后者提供亚硝态氮,在不需外部投加亚硝态氮的条件下,实现厌氧氨氧化、甲烷化和短程硝化反硝化的耦合, 系统地处理ρ(氨氮)为50 mg/L和ρ(COD_Cr)为500 mg/L的合成废水.结果表明:当外回流比为200%时,系统CODCr,氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为92.4%,97.4%和80.6%;出水ρ(氨氮),ρ(亚硝态氮),ρ(硝态氮)和ρ(COD_Cr)分别为1.05,4.30,2.56和35.3 mg/L;COD_Cr,总氮和氨氮的去除负荷速率分别为1.770,0.137和0.164 kg/(m3·d). 与传统的活性污泥过程相比,EGSB-BAF集成系统回收甲烷1.03 　L/d,占系统COD_Cr去除量的37.0%;在系统总氮的去除过程中,厌氧氨氧化途径占35.9%,短程反硝化途径占47.4%,全程反硝化途径占16.7%.      

大孔树脂吸附—Fenton试剂氧化法预处理含邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯废水

采用大孔树脂吸附—Fenton试剂氧化法预处理含邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)废水。大孔树脂吸附工段的最佳实验条件为:以树脂NDA88为吸附剂,废水pH为2。NDA88经过10批次的连续使用,COD去除率基本稳定在58%左右,脱附率可达96%以上,吸附后废水COD为12 000 mg/L左右。Fenton试剂氧化工段的最佳实验条件为:H2O2加入量70 mL/L,n(H2O2):n(Fe2+)=4,废水pH 4。在此最佳条件下进行实验,Fenton试剂氧化工段COD去除率达65%,处理后废水COD为4 200 mg/L。     

异喹啉季铵盐在盐酸中对A3钢的吸附及其缓蚀作用

采用失重、电化学法研究了异喹啉季铵盐在 1mol/L盐酸溶液中对A3钢的缓蚀行为及吸附规律。实验表明 ,异喹啉季铵盐是一种阴、阳极混合型缓蚀剂 ,其缓蚀性能优良 ,在A3钢表面产生化学吸附 ,吸附过程为放热反应。     

苯基周位酸生产废水处理试验研究

采用CHA－111大孔吸附树脂对苯基周位酸生产过程排放的汽提苯胺盐析废水和苯基周位酸酸析母液进行处理试验,效果良好。汽提苯胺盐析废水苯胺质量浓度＞1600mg／L,经树脂吸附处理后苯胺质量浓度＜2mg／L,苯胺去除率＞99．9％,COD去除率＞97％,树脂工作吸附量达120g／L,脱附率＞98％;苯基周位酸酸析母液经树脂吸附、混凝沉淀处理后,苯基周位酸质量浓度＜190mg／L,苯基周位酸去除率为94．8％,COD去除率为94．3％,氨基值去除率为80％,脱附率＞99％。     

Is The Ca + K + Mg/Al Ratio in the Soil Solution a Predictive Tool for Estimating Forest Damage?

The ratio between (Ca +K +Mg) and Al in nutrientsolution has been suggested as a predictive tool forestimating tree growth disturbance. However, the ratiois unspecific in the sense that it is based on severalelements which are all essential for plant growth;each of these may be growth-limiting. Furthermore,aluminium retards growth at higher concentrations. Itis therefore difficult to give causal and objectivebiological explanations for possible growthdisturbances. The importance of the proportion ofbase-cations to N, at a fixed base-cation/Al ratio, isevaluated with regard to growth of Picea abies.The uptake of elements was found to be selective;nutrients were taken up while most Al remained insolution. Biomass partitioning to the roots increasedafter aluminium addition with low proportions of basecations to nitrogen. We conclude that the low growthrates depend on nutrient limitation in thesetreatments. Low growth rates in the high proportionexperiments may be explained by high internal Alconcentrations. The results strongly suggest thatgrowth rate is not correlated with the ratio in therooting medium and question the validity of usingratios as predictive tools for estimating forestdamage. We suggest that growth limitation of Picea abies in the field may depend on lowproportions of base cations to nitrate. It istherefore important to know the nutritional status ofthe plant material in relation to the growth potentialand environmental limitation to be able to predict andestimate forest damage.