西固炼化基地区域大气质量变化特征与减排建议

西固炼化基地是西北地区最大的石油化工生产基地,在带动区域经济腾飞的同时,也随之产生了显著的大气环境问题。收集该区域2005年、2008年、2012年和2014年的大气现状监测资料,对近10年区域大气质量变化特征进行分析,确定针对西固炼化基地的管控污染物主要是特征污染物,结合基地排污情况提出相应的减排措施。研究表明,近10年SO_2、NO_2大气污染治理取得了显著效果,从2005年近半监测点超标到2014年无超标现象,污染物浓度逐年下降。2005—2014年的数次监测中几乎所有监测点颗粒物浓度全部超标。NMHC浓度呈先下降后上升的态势,2005年和2014年超标现象明显,其中2014年全部监测点超标。     

Explosibility,flammability and the thermal decomposition of Bisphenol A,the main component of epoxy resin

Bisphenol A is one of the basic compounds used in a synthesis of polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Its dust can create an explosive mixture with air under specific circumstances. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to determine explosion characteristics and flammability behaviour of this compound. The complete flammability characteristic requires the determination of the basic parameters of Bisphenol A under fire conditions including Heat Release Rate, speed of combustion, ability to ignite and the temperature of the decomposition range. To establish those parameters, a cone calorimeter was used. The explosion characteristics were tested in a 20-L spherical vessel. Minimum Ignition Energy was tested on MINOR II Apparatus which is a modified Hartman's Tube. In order to identify hazardous substances generated during a fire involving Bisphenol A, a simultaneous thermal analysis that combines thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry was used. The substances obtained from the thermal degradation were analyzed by infrared spectroscope with Fourier transformation. Furthermore, the application of a Purser furnace and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry facilitated the identification of gaseous substances formed during the thermal degradation of Bisphenol A samples.     

两种老化温度对某型双基推进剂的热分解性能的影响

目的探索某型双基推进剂在85℃和95℃条件下的热分解性能随老化时间的变化趋势。方法采用恒温加速老化试验,并对老化不同时间的样品进行热重分析(TG)和差示扫描(DSC)试验。结果计算了其两种老化温度条件下的动力学参数。结论某型双基推进剂性能良好,与老化时间相比,老化温度对其性能影响较大。     

基体表面状态对硅烷环氧杂化树脂涂层/2024铝合金间附着力影响

目的研究不同表面状态对硅烷环氧杂化树脂涂层/2024铝合金间附着力影响规律。方法结合硅烷环氧杂化树脂涂层的综合性能与实际应用情况,选取4种常见的预处理方式来改变基体表面状态,采用拉拔测试仪测试不同基体表面状态(基体表面p H值、基体表面粗糙度、基体表面能),涂层/基体间的附着力值,研究基体表面状态对该涂层/基体间附着力的影响关系。结果基体表面状体影响涂层附着力的根本原因是基体表面能、基体表面p H值和基体表面粗糙度。结论对于硅烷环氧杂化树脂涂层,其表面处理方式可用热碱清洗方法代替传统铬酸盐钝化;当硅烷环氧杂化树脂涂层喷涂厚度为30μm时,将铝合金基体表面粗糙度控制在Ra=4.75μm左右,可保证涂层有好的附着性,附着力值为8.84 MPa。     

羟基镧改性树脂的制备及其对氟离子的吸附

采用共沉淀法制备了羟基镧改性D101树脂复合吸附剂,利用扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析仪、红外光谱和比表面积分析仪对复合吸附剂的结构和形貌进行了分析,并对水溶液中氟离子(F~-)进行吸附研究,探讨了该复合吸附剂对F~-的吸附特性,并将其应用于实际含氟废水的处理。结果表明:在25℃、F~-初始质量浓度为10 mg/L、吸附剂量为0.4 g/L、溶液pH=5时,F~-吸附量最大,为24.45 mg/g;复合吸附剂对F~-的吸附动力学数据遵循拟二级动力学反应模型,整个吸附反应为多级控制过程;复合吸附剂对F~-的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温模型,在10℃、25℃和35℃下,吉布斯自由能(ΔGo)均小于0,焓变(ΔHo)大于0,熵变(ΔSo)大于0,表明该吸附反应为自发吸热熵增过程。采用羟基镧改性D101树脂复合吸附剂可以有效去除实际含氟废水中的氟化物,实现废水的达标排放。     

Are calcareous soils in uplands less prone to damage from road salting than acidic soils?

Previous studies of upland roadside soils in Cumbria, that would normally be naturally acidic, have highlighted that (a) runoff from roads subjected to long-term road salting can dramatically raise soil pH down slope in upland areas; (b) the soil pH increase dramatically changes N cycling in soils down slope, increasing mineralisation of organic matter, ammonification, ammonium leaching down slope and nitrification and nitrate leaching; (c) the increase in nitrification substantially increases nitrate leaching to down-slope rivers, and this is readily detectable in field studies; and (d) loss of soil organic matter over decades of salting is so great that organic matter is no longer substantially solubilised by high salt concentrations found in soil solution below road drains. This paper tests and supports the hypothesis that such effects are minimal for more calcareous soil ecosystems. It examines the soil and soil solution chemistry on another Cumbrian upland highway, the A686 near Leadgate, Alston. Sodium % of soil CEC values for soil transects affected by spray containing road salt are similar at both the A6 and A686 sites. However, spatial trends in calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and nitrate concentrations as well as pH differ, as a direct result of the higher weathering rate of parent material and possibly also the presence of limestone walls above both spray-affected and control transects at the A686 site.     

航空装备研制风险的综合赋权-双基点法评估

为实现对航空预研项目技术风险的定量评估,建立技术风险评价指标体系,建立基于综合赋权和双基点方法的综合评估模型,采用层次分析法(AHP)求得主观权重,熵值赋权法求得客观权重,运用线性规划方法求得对2类权重加权的权值,构造综合权重;使用正负理想点间的投影距离代替传统的相对欧式距离对TOPSIS方法进行改进;实例分析中,通过对某航空预研项目5种不同的方案进行风险评估,得出各方案的优劣度,选出了较为优化的技术方案,该方法可用于指导其他装备研制风险的评估。     

NaOH碱促热解磷酸铵镁产物沉氨性能研究

药剂费用过高是阻碍磷酸铵镁结晶技术应用的难题之一,通过磷酸铵镁热解产物循环沉氨可降低药剂费用.但湿法热解会生成热稳定性更好的NH4MgPO4·H2O,从而增加了磷酸铵镁热解的能耗.采用干法热解时,由于不引入额外的水分子,可以降低磷酸铵镁的热解温度.同时,在磷酸铰镁热解过程中加入NaOH碱促试剂,可有效促进磷酸铵镁释放NH4+,提高热解产物的沉氨效率,但同时上清液磷酸盐残留量也随NaOH添加量和热解温度提高而增加.热解温度为110℃时,直接热解产物沉氨效率为84％,而NaOH碱促热解产物沉氨率达到87％(NaOH与NH4+物质的量比为1:1),但此时上清液磷酸盐残留质量浓度达到2.3 mg/L,略高于GB 8978-1996《国家污水综合排放标准》的1.0 mg/L,方便废水的后续处理.     

基于离线采集模式的高低温低气压试验箱校准技术的研究

针对高低温低气压箱校准技术展开研究,分析了传统校准方案的不足之处,提出了一种基于离线采集模式的高低温低气压试验箱温度、压力校准方案,并结合虚拟仪器、数据库与MATLAB,完成了该方案的设计与实现。最后通过实验验证了该方案的可靠性与可行性,并应用到环境与可靠性工作中。     

不同钝化剂对重金属污染土壤稳定化效应的研究

利用腐殖质、硫酸铵、石灰、过磷酸钙及其复配组合对污染土壤中的重金属进行快速钝化处理,根据稳定效率和钝化剂的钝化能力Cap值对钝化材料进行筛选,并采用BCR形态分级实验(European Communities Bureau of Referent,欧共体标准测量与检测局提取法)研究钝化前后土壤中重金属的形态变化.结果表明:1在单一钝化材料实验中,2%石灰稳定效果最好;在复配实验中,以2%腐殖质+2%石灰稳定效果最好,Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn稳定效率分别达98.49%、99.40%、95.86%、99.21%.2钝化能力Cap值顺序:石灰腐殖质+石灰硫酸铵+石灰磷肥硫酸铵+磷肥腐殖质+磷肥腐殖质硫酸铵.3BCR形态分级实验表明,腐殖质+石灰复合钝化剂对重金属的稳定化效应优于单一石灰处理.此外,当2%腐殖质先添加时Cd被活化,使Cd在随后加入的2%石灰处理下更容易转换为了稳定性较高的有机结合态和残渣态.